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Gynaecological Causes of Pelvic Pain

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Imaging of Gynecological Disorders in Infants and Children

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

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Abstract

Pelvic pain in girls is a common clinical complaint in childhood and throughout adolescence and an important cause of morbidity particularly in the postmenarchal female. Clinical evaluation in these patients is challenging. Abdominopelvic pain in the absence of a history of cyclical pain related to the menstrual cycle is a very non-specific symptom, with a range of gynaecological and non-gynaecological causes. Non-gynaecological aetiologies of pain include gastrointestinal, urological, musculoskeletal and psychosomatic disorders. Gynaecological causes of pelvic pain include complications related to ovarian cysts (cyst rupture, haemorrhage or torsion), torsion of adnexal masses or normal ovaries, and fallopian tube pathology including torsion and pelvic inflammatory disease. Other causes of pain more specific to reproductively mature adolescents include ovulatory Mittelschmerz (mid-cycle) pain, endometriosis and complications of pregnancy. Exclusion of pregnancy in this age group is an important initial step in clinical management. This chapter concentrates on the imaging of the common and important causes of acute abdominal or pelvic pain with a gynaecologic aetiology. A brief discussion of the ultrasound imaging of pregnancy is included. The role of imaging in gynaecologic conditions resulting in chronic pelvic pain syndromes is also considered.

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Abbreviations

PID:

Pelvic inflammatory disease

CT:

Computed tomography

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

US:

Ultrasound

STIR:

Short-tau inversion recovery

HOC:

Haemorrhagic ovarian cyst

PIC:

Peritoneal inclusion cyst

β-hCG:

Beta human chorionic gonadotropin

HU:

Hounsfield unit

SI:

Signal intensity

AFP:

Alpha fetoprotein

WI:

Weighted-image

TSE:

Turbo spin echo

HASTE:

Half fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin echo

SPAIR:

Spectral adiabatic inversion recovery

AVR:

Adnexal volume ratio

PPV:

Positive predictive value

NPV:

Negative predictive value

3D:

Three-dimensional

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

MOO:

Massive ovarian oedema

PIC:

Peritoneal inclusion cyst

IFTT:

Isolated fallopian tube torsion

ESR:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

TOA:

Tubo-ovarian abscess

IU:

International units

GTN:

Gestational trophoblastic disease

PHM:

Partial hydatiform mole

CHM:

Complete hydatiform mole

PSTT:

Placental site trophoblastic tumour

ETT:

Epitheliod trophoblastic tumour

FIGO:

International federation of gynaecology

AFS:

American fertility society

IV:

Intravenous

JZ:

Junctional zone

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

    Gurdeep S. Mann

  2. Department of Radiology, Liverpool Women’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

    Gurdeep S. Mann

  3. Department of Radiology, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Angela T. Byrne

  4. Division of Medicine, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK

    Anne S. Garden

  5. University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Trust, Kendal, Cumbria/Lancashire, UK

    Anne S. Garden

  6. Alder Hey Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

    Anne S. Garden

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  1. Gurdeep S. Mann
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  2. Angela T. Byrne
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  3. Anne S. Garden
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Correspondence to Gurdeep S. Mann .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Paediatric Radiology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, United Kingdom

    Gurdeep S. Mann

  2. Royal Liverpool Children's NHS Trust, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, United Kingdom

    Joanne C. Blair

  3. Dept. Paediatric Radiology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, United Kingdom

    Anne S. Garden

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Mann, G.S., Byrne, A.T., Garden, A.S. (2011). Gynaecological Causes of Pelvic Pain. In: Mann, G., Blair, J., Garden, A. (eds) Imaging of Gynecological Disorders in Infants and Children. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2011_436

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