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From Polyphenylenes to Nanographenes and Graphene Nanoribbons pp 147–171Cite as

Chemical Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Through Bergman Cyclization

Part of the Advances in Polymer Science book series (POLYMER,volume 278)

Abstract

Bergman cyclization, an organic reaction that forms 1,4-benzene diradicals via intramolecular cyclization of enediyne (EDY) compounds, is a fascinating reaction and can be used to fabricate polyarylenes with various side chains and construct carbon nanomaterials with diverse morphologies. Bergman cyclization has had a strong impact on a number of fields, including pharmaceutics, polymer chemistry, and materials science. The homopolymerization of EDYs through Bergman cyclization is an ingenious strategy for fabrication of functional polyarylenes and has the advantages of facial operation, high efficiency, tailored structure, and being catalyst-free. Moreover, the obtained functionalized polyarylenes show many remarkable properties, such as excellent thermal stability, good solubility, and processability, which enable these polyarylenes to be further manufactured into carbon nanomaterials. Recently, extensive efforts have been devoted to the application of Bergman cyclization in polymer chemistry, materials science, and nanodevices. This chapter summarizes the synthetic strategies that have been developed for fabrication of structurally unique carbon-rich materials using Bergman cyclization, including formation of nanoparticles by intramolecular collapse of single polymer chains, fabrication of conjugated microporous polymers, and construction of carbon nanomembranes with different morphologies and their applications in nanodevices. The future development of Bergman cyclization in materials science is discussed, especially in the construction and application of carbon nanomaterials by altering the template types and morphologies to precisely control the microstructures and properties of carbon nanomaterials.

Keywords

  • Bergman cyclization
  • Carbon dots
  • Carbon nanomembranes
  • Confined catalysis
  • Enediyne
  • Microporous polymer
  • Polyarylenes
  • Single chain nanoparticles
  • Supercapacitor

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Abbreviations

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

APTES:

N-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

BODA:

Bis-ortho-diynylarene

C-dot:

Carbon quantum dot

CMP:

Conjugated microporous polymer

CNM:

Carbon nanomembrane

CN:

Cyclo-1,4-naphthylene

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

DMA:

Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy

DMF:

N,N-Dimethylformide

DNHD:

cis-1,6-di-2-naphthylhex-3-en-1,5-diyne

EC:

Electrochemical capacitor

EDLC:

Electric double layer capacitor

EDY:

Enediyne

FAR:

Fused aromatic ring

GPC:

Gel permeation chromatography

HOMO:

Highest occupied molecular orbital

LUMO:

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

MMA:

Methyl methacrylate

MWNT:

Multiwalled carbon nanotube

NMP:

N-Methylpyrrolidone

PAA:

Poly(acrylic acid)

PBzA:

Poly(benzyl acrylate)

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PL:

Photoluminescence

PMA:

Poly(methyl acrylate)

PN:

Polynaphthalene

PPP:

Poly(p-phenylene)

QD:

Quantum dot

QY:

Quantum yield

SAED:

Selected area electron diffraction

SAM:

Self-assembly monolayer

SCMP:

Soluble conjugated microporous polymer

SCNP:

Single-chain polymer nanoparticle

SERS:

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering

SS-CNM:

Silica-supported carbon nanomembrane

STM:

Scanning tunneling microscopy

TBAF:

Tetrabutylammonium fluoride

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TMS:

Trimethylsilyl

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Acknowledgements

Financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21674035, 21474027, 91023008, 20874026, 20704013), Shanghai Shuguang Project (07SG33), National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX201600101), New Century Excellent Talents in University, PhD Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China, and Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (B502) are gratefully acknowledged. A.H. thanks the “Eastern Scholar Professorship” support from Shanghai local government. Y.W. thanks the scholarship from China Scholarship Council (CSC) to support his study at the University of Chicago.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China

    Youfu Wang, Shudan Chen & Aiguo Hu

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  1. Youfu Wang
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  2. Shudan Chen
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  3. Aiguo Hu
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Correspondence to Aiguo Hu .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Klaus Müllen

  2. Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Xinliang Feng

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Wang, Y., Chen, S., Hu, A. (2017). Chemical Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Through Bergman Cyclization. In: Müllen, K., Feng, X. (eds) From Polyphenylenes to Nanographenes and Graphene Nanoribbons. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 278. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_5

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