Abstract
The use of novel insect mitigating surfaces on leading edges of aircraft is one method to assist in preserving natural laminar conditions on selected areas such as wings or vertical stabilizers. Development of such surfaces is extremely challenging because of stringent requirements on resistance to aircraft fluids and to environmental conditions such as ultraviolet radiation, rain, and sand erosion.
For assessment of insect-mitigating properties of surfaces, new laboratory methods were developed that are suitable for comparing insect contamination behavior and cleanability of surfaces. When testing surfaces while considering the influence of topography and chemistry using these methods, it was observed that superhydrophobic surfaces with a particular topography are essential to reduce contamination significantly. For these surfaces, the roughest surfaces produced the lowest contamination. This observation confirms results recently published by other authors. However, the current study shows that roughness is a disadvantage for cleanability. Easy cleanability after contamination with flies or insect hemolymph-containing liquid was only observed for smooth, hydrophobic surfaces.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Yi O et al (1988) A fundamental approach to the sticking of insect residues to aircraft wings. Virginia Tech Center for adhesive and sealant science. CAS/CHEM 188:29–88
Gruenke S (2012) Anti-contamination and easy-to-clean coatings for aerodynamic efficient surfaces. In: Proceedings of 19th international conference on surface treatments in the aeronautics and aerospace industries, Biarritz, France, 31 May–1 June 2012
Kok M, Young TM (2014) Evaluation of insect residue resistant coatings – correlation of a screening method with a conventional assessment technique. Prog Org Coat 77:1382–1390
Kok M, Young TM (2014) The evaluation of hierarchical structured superhydrophobic coatings for the alleviation of insect residue to aircraft laminar flow surfaces. Appl Surf Sci 314:1053–1062
Lin JC, Whalen EA et al (2016) Innovative flow control concepts for drag reduction. In: Proceeding of the 54st AIAA aerospace sciences meeting, San Diego, USA, 4–8 Jan 2016: AIAA 2016-0864
Patzelt G et al (2016) Anti-icing and anticontamination properties of coatings induced by surface structure. J Coat Technol Res 13(4):589–596
Mankins JC (1995) Technology readiness levels: a white paper. NASA, Office of Space Access and Technology, Advanced Concepts Office. 6 April 1995
Kok M et al (2013) Influence of surface characteristics on insect residue adhesion to aircraft leading edge surfaces. Prog Org Coat 76:1567–1575
Krishnan KG et al (2017) Influence of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces on reducing aerodynamic insect residues. Appl Surf Sci 392:723–731
Kok M et al (2015) Critical considerations in the mitigation of insect residue contamination on aircraft surfaces – a review. Prog Aerosp Sci 75:1–14
DIN EN ISO 16474-3 (2013) Paints and varnishes – methods of exposure to laboratory light sources, part 3: fluorescent UV lamps, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
AMS3095A (2004) Paint: high gloss for airline exterior system. SAE International, Warrendale, PA. 1 Dec 2004
Wermuth L et al (2015) Superhydrophobic surfaces based on self-organized TiO2-nanotubes. Prog Org Coat 87:242–249
Siochi E et al (2013) Engineered surfaces for mitigation of insect residue adhesion. In: Paper presented at the SAMPE 2013, Long Beach, CA, USA, 6–9 May 2013
Wohl C et al (2013) Evaluation of commercially available materials to mitigate insect residue adhesion on wing leading edge surfaces. Prog Org Coat 76:42–50
Shanahan M, Wohl C et al (2015) Flight testing surfaces engineered for mitigating insect residues adhesion on a Falcon HU-25C. In: Abstracts of the 38th meeting of the adhesion society, Savannah, Georgia, USA, 21–25 February 2015
Acknowledgements
Part of the research work leading to the results published in this chapter has been co-funded by the European Commission “Seventh Research Framework Programme” (FP7/2007-2013) for the Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative under Grant Agreement no CSJU-GAM-SFWA-2008-001. Further development work was funded by BMWi under LUFO V-1 LDAinOp no 20A1103A.
We acknowledge the Fraunhofer Institute in Bremen, IFAM, for performing several tests as a partner in JTI-SFWA and LUFO LDAinOp. Furthermore, we acknowledge DLR Braunschweig for performing the flight test and Airbus Group Innovation for providing TiO2 samples.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gruenke, S. (2017). Requirements, Test Strategies, and Evaluation of Anti-Contamination and Easy-to-Clean Surfaces, and New Approaches for Development. In: Wohl, C., Berry, D. (eds) Contamination Mitigating Polymeric Coatings for Extreme Environments. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 284. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_38
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_38
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-45838-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-45839-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)