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Chemosensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

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Molecular Imprinting

Part of the book series: Topics in Current Chemistry ((TOPCURRCHEM,volume 325))

Abstract

A sensor is a device, which responds to a physical or chemical stimulus in order to produce a measurable detection signal or to control another operation [1]. Sensors are encountered in innumerable applications and have become an integral part of our day-to-day life. Examples of everyday use of sensors include a thermocouple, which responds to the change in temperature by an output voltage, or a touch-sensitive sensor of an interactive monitor screen. Basically, a sensor can respond, that is change its signal, to a single factor being sensed, i.e. either to the change of temperature or pressure in the above examples.

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Abbreviations

AAPH:

2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride

ABCN:

1,1-Azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile)

a.c.:

alternating current

ACN:

Acetonitrile

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

AIBN:

2,2′-Azobis(2-methylisobutyronitrile)

APTMS:

3-(Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane

BAW:

Bulk acoustic wave

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate

ChemFET:

Chemical field-effect transistor

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

DCM:

Dichloromethane

DDC:

N,N′-Didansyl-l-cystine

DDK:

N,N′-Didansyl-l-lysine

DMB:

Dimethylbenzoate

DMF:

N,N-Dimethylformamide

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNOC:

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol)

DNT:

2,4-Dinitrotoluene

DPV:

Differential pulse voltammetry

DVB:

Divinylbenzene

DZ:

Daminozide

EGDMA:

Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

EQCM:

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance

FIA:

Flow injection analysis

FLD:

Fluorescence lifetime distribution

FRET:

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer

GCE:

Glassy carbon electrode

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

HEMA:

2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

IAA:

Indole acetic acid

IIP:

Ion-imprinted polymer

ISE:

Ion-sensitive electrode

ITO:

Indium-tin oxide

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

LOD:

Limit of detection

LSV:

Linear sweep voltammetry

MAA:

Methacrylic acid

MA-Ade:

Methacryloylamidoadenine

MES:

Methylated salicylate

MIB:

Methylisoborneal

MIP:

Molecularly imprinted polymer

MIP-CP:

Molecularly imprinted polymer-carbon paste

MIPPy:

Molecularly imprinted polypyrrole film

MISPE:

Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction

MPA:

Methylphosphonic acid

NAD:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADP:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

N-CBZ-Asp:

N-Carbobenzoxy-aspartic acid

NIP:

Non-imprinted polymer

NIP-CP:

Non-imprinted polymer-carbon paste

OC1C10-PPV:

Poly[2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)]-1,4-phenylene vinylene

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PEDOT:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

phi-NO2 :

O,O-Dimethyl(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetoxyl)(3′-nitrophenyl)methinephosphonate

PM:

Piezoelectric microgravimetry

PMA:

Poly(methacrylic acid)

PMMA:

Poly(methylmethacrylate)

PMP:

Pinacolyl methylphosphonate

PPV:

Poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene)

PVC:

Poly(vinyl chloride)

PZ:

Piezoelectric

QCM:

Quartz crystal microbalance

RAFT:

Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer

RCM:

Ring closing metathesis

RDX:

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

SAM:

Self-assembled monolayer

Sarin:

Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate

SAW:

Surface acoustic wave

SCE:

Saturated calomel electrode

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulphate

SECM:

Scanning electrochemical microscopy

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SERS:

Surface enhanced Raman scattering

SH-SAW:

Shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave

SLM:

Supported liquid membrane

Soman:

Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

SPME:

Solid-phase micro extraction

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

ssDNA:

Single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid

ssRNA:

Single-stranded ribonucleic acid

STW:

Surface transverse wave

SWV:

Square wave voltammetry

TCAA:

Trichloroacetic acid

TEGDMA:

Tri(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate

TEOS:

Tetraethylorthosilane

TMS:

Trimethoxysilyl

(TMS)en:

N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine

TNT:

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

TRIM:

Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate

TSM:

Thickness shear mode

T-SPR:

Transmission surface plasmon resonance

UV–vis:

Ultraviolet-visible

V-65:

2,2′-Azobis(2,4-dimethyl)valeronitrile

vb-DMASP:

trans-4-[1,4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)styryl]-N-vinylbenzylpyridinium chloride

VPD:

4-Vinylpyridine

VX:

O-Ethyl-S-2-diisopropylaminoethylmethylphosphonothioate

ZnPP:

Zinc(II)-protoporphyrin

α :

Separation factor (selectivity)

Δf :

Change in the resonant frequency of the quartz resonator

Δm :

Change in the mass of the quartz resonator

ε, ε 0 :

Electric permittivity of an insulator and free space, respectively

μ q :

Shear modulus of the AT-cut quartz crystal

ρ q :

Density of quartz

A :

Acoustically active area of the quartz crystal resonator

A s :

Surface area of the capacitor plate

B max :

Density of the imprinted binding sites (molecular cavities)

C :

Capacitance

D :

Distance between two parallel plates of a capacitor

DS:

Degree of substitution

f :

Frequency of a.c. voltage

f 0 :

Fundamental resonant frequency of the unperturbed quartz resonator

f a :

Fraction of easily accessible cavities

I :

Fluorescence intensity in the presence of analyte

I 0 :

Initial fluorescence intensity in the analyte absence

i pa :

Current of anodic peak in LSV or CV

k :

Retention factor

K a :

Acid dissociation constant

K d :

Complex dissociation constant

\( K_{\rm SV}^{\rm a} \) :

Stern–Volmer constant for quenching inside MIP cavities

\( K_{{\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_3}^{-}, \;{\text{Cl}}{{\text{O}}_4}^{-},}^{\text{pot}}\,K_{{\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_3}^{-}, \;{{\text{I}}^{-} }}^{\text{pot}} \) :

Potentiometric selectivity coefficients

K MIP :

Stability constant of the MIP–analyte complex formation

K NIP :

Stability constant of the NIP–analyte complex formation

\( {K_{{\text{selectivity\ C}}{{\text{u}}^{{2} + }}/{\text{N}}{{\text{i}}^{{2} + }}}} \) :

Ratio of the selectivity coefficients of the imprinted Cu2+ and non-imprinted Ni2+ polymers

[Q]:

Analyte concentration

Z im :

Imaginary part of impedance

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Acknowledgments

S.S. and P.J.C. equally contributed to this chapter. W.K. thanks the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF, POIG.01.01.02-00-008/08 2007-2013) for financial support. S.S. is grateful to the European Commission for financial support through the Nanomaterials for Application in Sensors, Catalysis and Emerging Technologies, NASCENT, Project within the Marie Curie Research Training Network (Contract No. MRTN-CT-2006-033873). P.J.C. gratefully acknowledges the support by the Marie Curie Fellowship within the EC Project Sensor Nanoparticles for Ions and Biomolecules SNIB (MTKD-CT-2005-029554).

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Suriyanarayanan, S., Cywinski, P.J., Moro, A.J., Mohr, G.J., Kutner, W. (2010). Chemosensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. In: Haupt, K. (eds) Molecular Imprinting. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 325. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/128_2010_92

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