Abstract
Mixed emotions, especially those in conflict, sway agent decisions and result in dramatic changes in social scenarios. However, the emotion models and architectures for virtual agents are not yet advanced enough to be imbued with coexisting emotions. In this paper, an improved emotion model integrated with decision making algorithms is proposed to deal with two topics: the generation of coexisting emotions, and the resolution to ambivalence, in which two emotions conflict. A scenario of ambivalence is provided to illustrate the process of agent’s decision-making.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bates, J.: The Role in Emotion of Believable Agents. Communications of the ACM 37, 122–125 (1994)
Bazzan, A.L., Bordini, R.H.: A framework for the simulation of agents with emotions. In: Proceedings of AGENT 2001: the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 292–299. ACM Press, New York (2001)
Carofiglio, V., De Rosis, F., Grassano, G.: Mixed emotion modeling. In: Canamero, L., Aylett, R. (eds.) Proceedings of the AISB 2002: Symposium on Animating Expressive Characters for Social Interaction. The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour, London, pp. 5–10 (2002)
El-Nasr, M.S., Yen, J., Ioerger, T.R.: FLAME: Fuzzy Logic Adaptive Model of Emotions. Autonomous Agent and Multi-agent System 3, 219–257 (2000)
Elliot, C.: The Affective Reasoner: A Process Model of Emotions in a Multi-agent System. PhD thesis, Northwestern University. Institute for the Learning Sciences (1992)
Gratch, J.É.: Marshalling passions in training and education. In: Proceedings of Agent 2000: the Fourth international Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 325–332. ACM Press, New York (2000)
Gmytrasiewicz, P., Lisetti, C.: Using Decision Theory to Formalize Emotions for Multi-agent System Applications. In: Second ICMAS 2000 Workshop on Game Theoretic and Decision Theoretic Agents, Boston (2000)
Larsen, J.T., McGraw, A.P., Cacioppo, J.T.: Can People Feel Happy and Sad at the Same Time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, 684–696 (2001)
LeDoux, J.E.: The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. Simon & Schuster, New York (1996)
Newby-Clark, I.R., McGregor, I., Zanna, M.P.: Thinking and Caring about Cognitive Inconsistency: When and for Whom Does Attitudinal Ambivalence Feel Uncomfortable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82, 157–166 (2002)
Nordgren, L.F., van Harreveld, F., van der Pligt, J.: Ambivalence, Discomfort, and Motivated Information Processing. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42, 252–258 (2006)
Oliveira, E., Sarmento, L.: Emotional Advantage for Adaptability and Autonomy. In: Proceedings of AAMAS 2003: the Second International Joint Conference of Autonomous Agent and Multi-agent System, pp. 305–312. ACM Press, New York (2003)
Ortony, A., Clore, G.L., Collins, A.: The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1988)
Picard, R.W.: Affective Computing. MIT Press, Cambridge (1997)
Schimmack, U., Colcombe, S.: Eliciting mixed feelings with the paired-picture paradigm: A tribute to Kellogg. In: Cognition and Emotion (1915) (in Press)
Velásquez, J.: When Robots Weep: Emotional Memories and Decision-making. In: Proceedings of AAAI 1998: the Fifteenth National/Tenth Conference on Artificial Intelligence/Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence. American Association for Artificial Intelligence (1998)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lee, B.PH., Kao, E.CC., Soo, VW. (2006). Feeling Ambivalent: A Model of Mixed Emotions for Virtual Agents. In: Gratch, J., Young, M., Aylett, R., Ballin, D., Olivier, P. (eds) Intelligent Virtual Agents. IVA 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 4133. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11821830_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11821830_27
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-37593-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-37594-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)