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Alkaliphiles: The Versatile Tools in Biotechnology

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Alkaliphiles in Biotechnology

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 172))

Abstract

The extreme environments within the biosphere are inhabited by organisms known as extremophiles. Lately, these organisms are attracting a great deal of interest from researchers and industrialists. The motive behind this attraction is mainly related to the desire for new and efficient products of biotechnological importance and human curiosity of understanding nature. Organisms living in common “human-friendly” environments have served humanity for a very long time, and this has led to exhaustion of the low-hanging “fruits,” a phenomenon witnessed by the diminishing rate of new discoveries. For example, acquiring novel products such as drugs from the traditional sources has become difficult and expensive. Such challenges together with the basic research interest have brought the exploration of previously neglected or unknown groups of organisms. Extremophiles are among these groups which have been brought to focus and garnering a growing importance in biotechnology. In the last few decades, numerous extremophiles and their products have got their ways into industrial, agricultural, environmental, pharmaceutical, and other biotechnological applications.

Alkaliphiles, organisms which thrive optimally at or above pH 9, are one of the most important classes of extremophiles. To flourish in their extreme habitats, alkaliphiles evolved impressive structural and functional adaptations. The high pH adaptation gave unique biocatalysts that are operationally stable at elevated pH and several other novel products with immense biotechnological application potential. Advances in the cultivation techniques, success in gene cloning and expression, metabolic engineering, metagenomics, and other related techniques are significantly contributing to expand the application horizon of these remarkable organisms of the ‘bizarre’ world. Studies have shown the enormous potential of alkaliphiles in numerous biotechnological applications. Although it seems just the beginning, some fantastic strides are already made in tapping this potential. This work tries to review some of the prominent applications of alkaliphiles by focusing such as on their enzymes, metabolites, exopolysaccharides, and biosurfactants. Moreover, the chapter strives to assesses the whole-cell applications of alkaliphiles including in biomining, food and feed supplementation, bioconstruction, microbial fuel cell, biofuel production, and bioremediation.

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Abbreviations

AFPs:

Antifreeze proteins

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

CD:

Cyclodextrins

CGTase:

Cyclo-maltodextrin glucanotransferase

CMC:

Critical micelle concentration

DP:

Degree of polymerization

ECF:

Elemental chlorine free

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EPS:

Exopolysaccharide

GWh:

Gigawatt hours

IFT:

Interfacial tension

MEOR:

Microbial enhanced oil recovery

MFC:

Microbial fuel cell

MPa:

Megapascal

mW:

Milliwatt

NADH:

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADPH:

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PGP:

Plant growth promoting

PGPR:

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

TCF:

Total chlorine free

Wa:

Water activity

Wh:

Watt-hour

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  1. Indienz AB, Billeberga, Sweden

    Gashaw Mamo

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Bo Mattiasson

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Mamo, G., Mattiasson, B. (2020). Alkaliphiles: The Versatile Tools in Biotechnology. In: Mamo, G., Mattiasson, B. (eds) Alkaliphiles in Biotechnology. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 172. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2020_126

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