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Low-Carbon Fuel and Chemical Production by Anaerobic Gas Fermentation

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Anaerobes in Biotechnology

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 156))

Abstract

World energy demand is expected to increase by up to 40% by 2035. Over this period, the global population is also expected to increase by a billion people. A challenge facing the global community is not only to increase the supply of fuel, but also to minimize fossil carbon emissions to safeguard the environment, at the same time as ensuring that food production and supply is not detrimentally impacted. Gas fermentation is a rapidly maturing technology which allows low carbon fuel and commodity chemical synthesis. Unlike traditional biofuel technologies, gas fermentation avoids the use of sugars, relying instead on gas streams rich in carbon monoxide and/or hydrogen and carbon dioxide as sources of carbon and energy for product synthesis by specialized bacteria collectively known as acetogens. Thus, gas fermentation enables access to a diverse array of novel, large volume, and globally available feedstocks including industrial waste gases and syngas produced, for example, via the gasification of municipal waste and biomass. Through the efforts of academic labs and early stage ventures, process scale-up challenges have been surmounted through the development of specialized bioreactors. Furthermore, tools for the genetic improvement of the acetogenic bacteria have been reported, paving the way for the production of a spectrum of ever-more valuable products via this process. As a result of these developments, interest in gas fermentation among both researchers and legislators has grown significantly in the past 5 years to the point that this approach is now considered amongst the mainstream of emerging technology solutions for near-term low-carbon fuel and chemical synthesis.

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Abbreviations

ABE:

Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation

ACS:

Acetyl-CoA synthase

AOR:

Acetaldehyde: ferredoxin oxidoreductase

BDO:

Butanediol

BOF:

Basic oxygen furnace

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CODH:

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase

CSTR:

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

H2 :

Hydrogen

LCA:

Life-cycle analysis

MSW:

Municipal solid waste

RED:

Renewable Energy Directive

SLP:

Substrate-level phosphorylation

THF:

Tetrahydrofolate

WL:

Wood–Ljungdahl

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Acknowledgements

We thank the following investors in LanzaTech’s technology: Sir Stephen Tindall, Khosla Ventures, Qiming Venture Partners, Softbank China, the Malaysian Life Sciences Capital Fund, Mitsui, Primetals, CICC Growth Capital Fund I, L.P., and the New Zealand Superannuation Fund.

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  1. LanzaTech Inc., 8045 Lamon Ave, Suite 400, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA

    James Daniell, Shilpa Nagaraju, Freya Burton, Michael Köpke & Séan Dennis Simpson

  2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    James Daniell

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  1. James Daniell
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  2. Shilpa Nagaraju
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Correspondence to Séan Dennis Simpson .

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  1. Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Rajni Hatti-Kaul

  2. Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Gashaw Mamo

  3. Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Bo Mattiasson

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Daniell, J., Nagaraju, S., Burton, F., Köpke, M., Simpson, S.D. (2016). Low-Carbon Fuel and Chemical Production by Anaerobic Gas Fermentation. In: Hatti-Kaul, R., Mamo, G., Mattiasson, B. (eds) Anaerobes in Biotechnology. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 156. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2015_5005

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