Skip to main content

Management of Thrombosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome

  • Chapter
Hughes Syndrome

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Brey RL, Chapman J, Levine SR, et al. Stroke and the antiphospholipid syndrome: consensus meeting Taormina 2002. Lupus 2003;12:508–513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Meroni PL, Moia M, Derksen RH, et al. Venous thromboembolism in the antiphospholipid syndrome: management guidelines for secondary prophylaxis. Lupus 2003;12:504–507.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y. Antiphospholipid syndrome: a consensus for treatment? Lupus 2003;12:495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hughes GRV. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and the lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 1983;287:1088–1099.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Julkunen H, Hedman C, Kauppi M. Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1997;24:181–183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Rosove MH, Brewer PMC. Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:303–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ, Mujic F, Taub N, Hunt BJ, Hughes GRV. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;332:993–997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Krnic-Barrie S, O’Connor CR, Looney SW, Pierangeli SS, Harris EN. A retrospective review of 61 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Analysis of factors influencing recurrent thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2101–2108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Schulman S, Svenungsson E, Granqvist S, the Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy. Am J Med 1998;104:332–338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kearon C, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1999;340:901–907.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Levine SR, Salowich-Palm L, Sawaya KL, et al. IgG anticardiolipin titer >40 GPL and the risk of subsequent thrombo-occlusive events and death. Stroke 1997;28:1660–1665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Verro P, Levine SR, Tietjen GE. Cerebrovascular ischemic events with high positive anticardiolipin antibodies. Stroke 1998;29:2245–2253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Derksen RHWM, de Groot PG, Kater L, Nieuwenhuis HK. Patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and venous thrombosis should receive long term anticoagulant treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52:689–692.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Levine JS, Branch DW, Rauch J. The antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002;346:752–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Brunner HI, Chan WS, Ginsberg JS, Feldman BM. Longterm anticoagulation is preferable for patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. result of a decision analysis. J Rheumatol 2002;29:490–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ginsberg JS, Wells PS, Brill-Edwards P, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and venous thromboembolism. Blood 1995;10:3685–3691.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Prandoni P, Simioni P, Girolami A. Antiphospholipid antibodies, recurrent thromboembolism and intensity of warfarin anticoagulation. Thromb Haemost 1996;75:859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rance A, Emmerich J, Fiessinger JN. Anticardiolipin antibodies and recurrent thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1997;77:221–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Greaves M, Cohen H, Machin SJ, Mackie I. Guidelines on the investigation and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol 2000;109:704–715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wilson WA, Gharavi AE, Koike T, et al. International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1309–1311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamashta MA, Hunt BJ, Escudero A, Cuadrado MJ, Hughes GRV. Bleeding and recurrent thrombosis in definite antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of a series of 66 patients treated with oral anticoagulation to a target INR of 3.5. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1164–1169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1133–1138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Levine SR, Brey RL, Tilley BC, et al. APASS Investigators. Antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent thrombo-occlusive events in patients with ischemic stroke. JAMA 2004;291:576–584.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ginsburg KS, Liang MH, Newcomer L, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk for ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1992;177:997–1002.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Silver RM, Draper ML, Scott JR, Lyon JL, Reading J, Branch DW. Clinical consequences of antiphospholipid antibodies: an historic cohort study. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:372–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Finazzi G, Brancaccio V, Moia M, et al. Natural history and risk factors for thrombosis in 360 patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: a four year prospective study from the Italian registry. Am J Med 1996;100:530–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Vaarala O, Manttari M, Manninen V, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of myocardial infarction in a prospective cohort of middle-aged men. Circulation 1995;91:23–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kittner S, Gorelick PB. Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke: an epidemiological perspective. Stroke 1992;23:I19–I22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Brey RL, Stallworth CL, McGlasson DL, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke in young women. Stroke 2002;33:2396–2400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Brey RL, Abbott RD, Curb JD, et al. Beta(2)-glycoprotein 1-dependent anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction: the Honolulu heart program. Stroke 2001;32:1701–1706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Shah N, Khamashta MA, Atsumi T, Hughes GRV. Outcome of patients with anticardiolipin antibodies: a 10 year follow-up of 52 patients. Lupus 1998;7:3–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gomez-Pacheco L, Villa AR, Drenkard C, Cabiedes J, Cabral AR, Alarcon-Segovia D. Serum anti-β2-glycoprotein I and anticardiolipin antibodies during thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Am J Med 1999;106:417–423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wallace DJ, Linker-Israeli M, Metzger AL, Stecher VJ. The relevance of antimalarial therapy with regard to thrombosis, hypercholesterolemia and cytokines in SLE. Lupus 1993;2(suppl):S13–S15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Petri M. Hydroxychloroquine use in the Baltimore lupus cohort: effects on lipids, glucose and thrombosis. Lupus 1996;5(suppl):S16–S22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Erkan D, Yazici Y, Peterson MG, Sammaritano L, Lockshin MD. A cross-sectional study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology 2002;41:924–929.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Molad Y, Gorshtein A, Wysenbeek AJ, et al. Protective effect of hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prospective long-term study of an Israeli cohort. Lupus 2002;11:356–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Edwards MH, Pierangeli S, Liu X, et al. Hydroxychloroquine reverses thrombogenic properties of antiphospholipid antibodies in mice. Circulation 1997;96:4380–4384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bern MM, Lokich JJ, Wallach SR, et al. Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters: a randomized prospective trial. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:423–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Levine M, Hirsh J, Gent M, et al. Double-blind randomised trial of very low-dose warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer. Lancet 1994;343:886–889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. The Medical Research Council’s General Practice Research Framework. Thrombosis prevention trial: randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk. Lancet 1998;351:233–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Meade TW, Miller CJ. Combined use of aspirin and warfarin in primary prevention of ischemic heart disease in men at risk. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:23B–26B.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Moll S, Ortel TL. Monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulant. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:177–185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Robert A, Le Querrec A, Delahousse B, et al. Control of oral anticoagulation in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome: influence of the lupus anticoagulant on International Normalized Ratio. Thromb Haemost 1998;80:99–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lawrie AS, Purdy G, Mackie IJ, Machin SJ. Monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy in lupus anticoagulant positive patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol 1997;98:887–892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Rivier G, Khamashta MA, Hughes GRV. Warfarin and azathioprine: a drug interaction does exist. Am J Med 1993;95:342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Asherson RA, Cervera R, Piette JC, et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Clues to the Pathogenesis from a Series of 80 Patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001;80:355–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cuadrado MJ, Mujic F, Munoz E, Khamashta MA, Hughes GRV. Thrombocytopenia in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:194–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Palareti G, Leali N, Cocheri S, et al. Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT) Italian study on complications of oral anticoagulant therapy. Lancet 1996;348:423–428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Al-Sayegh FA, Ensworth S, Huang S, Stein HB, Kinkhoff AV. Hemorrhagic complications of longterm anticoagulant therapy in 7 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1997;24:1716–1718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Piette JC, Cacoub P. Antiphospholipid syndrome in the elderly: caution. Circulation 1998;97:2195–2196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gorter JW. Major bleeding during anticoagulation after cerebral ischemia: patterns and risk factors. Neurology 1999;53:1319–1327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Khamashta, M.A., Ruiz-Irastorza, G. (2006). Management of Thrombosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome. In: Khamashta, M.A. (eds) Hughes Syndrome. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-009-5_43

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-009-5_43

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-873-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-009-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics