Skip to main content

Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Children

  • Chapter
  • 751 Accesses

Keywords

  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  • Lupus Anticoagulant
  • Anticardiolipin Antibody
  • Acute Rheumatic Fever
  • Juvenile Chronic Arthritis

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Conley CL, Hartman RC. A hemorrhagic disorder caused by circulating anticoagulant in patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1952;31:621–622.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bowie EJ, Thompson JH, Pascuzzi CA, et al. Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus despite circulating anticoagulants. J Lab Clin Med 1963;62:416–430.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Boey ML, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies: Detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1983;ii:1211–1214.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  4. Ames PRJ, Khamashta MA, Hughes GRV. Clinical and therapeutic aspects of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1995;4:S23–S25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Tucker LB. Antiphospholipid syndrome in childhood: the great unknown. Lupus 1994;3:367–369.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ravelli A, Martini A. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in pediatric patients. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997;23:657–676.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ravelli A, Martini A, Burgio GR. Antiphospholipid antibodies in paediatrics. Eur J Pediatr 1994;153:472–479.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Szer IS. Clinical development in the management of lupus in the neonate, child, and adolescent. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1998;10:431–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lee T, von Scheven E, Sandborg C. Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome in childrenand adolesents. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001;13:415–421.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Avěin T, Cimaz R, Meroni PL. Do we need international consensus statement on classification criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome in paediatric population? Lupus 2001;10:897–898.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  11. Male C, Lechner K, Eichinger S, et al. Clinical significance of lupus anticoagulants in children. J Pediatr 1999;134:199–205.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rapizzi E, Ruffatti A, Tonello M, et al. Correction for age of anticardiolipin antibodies cut-off points. J Clin Lab Anal 2000;14:87–90.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Avěin T, Ambrožič A, Kuhar M, et al. Anticardiolipin and anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies in sera of 61 apparently healthy children at regular preventive visits. Rheumatology 2001;40:565–573.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  14. Caporali R, Ravelli A, De Gennaro F, et al. Prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies in juvenile arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1991;50:599–601.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Siamopoulou-Mavridou A, Mavridis AK, Terzoglou C, et al. Autoantibodies in Greek juvenile chronic arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1991;9:647–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gattorno M, Buoncompagni A, Molinari AC, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile chronic arthritis and overlap syndromes: SLE patients with both lupus anticoagulant and high-titre anticardiolipin antibodies are at risk for clinical manifestations related to the antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:873–881.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kontiainen S, Miettinen A, Seppälä I, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in children. Acta Paediatr 1996;85:614–615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kratz C, Mauz-Körholz C, Kruck H, et al. Detection of antiphospholipid antibodies in children and adolescents. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1998;15:325–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Serra CRB, Rodrigues SH, Silva NP, et al. Clinical significance of anticardiolipin antibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:375–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Matsuura E, Igarashi M, Igarashi Y, et al. Molecular definition of human β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) by cDNA cloning and interspecies differences of β2-GPI in alteration of anticardiolipin binding. Int Immunol 1991;3:1217–1221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Avěin T, Kveder T, Rozman B. The antiphospholipid syndrome [letter]. N Engl J Med 2002;347:145–146.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  22. Gallistl S, Muntean W, Leschnik B, et al. Longer aPTT values in healthy children than in adults: no single cause. Thromb Res 1997;88:355–359.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Siemens HJG, Gutsche S, Brückner S, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in children without and in adults with and without thrombophilia. Thromb Res 2000;98:241–247.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Vaarala O, Palosuo T, Kleemola M. Anticardiolipin responses in acute infections. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1986;41:8–15.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Asherson RA, Cervera R. Antiphospholipid antibodies and infections. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:388–393.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lehmann HW, Plentz A, Von Landenberg P, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of four patients with juvenile polyarticular arthritis associated with persistent parvovirus B19 infection and antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Res Ther 2004;6:R1–R6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ertem D, Acar Y, Pehlivanoglu E. Autoimmune complications associated with hepatitis A virus infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:809–811.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Carreno L, Monteagudo I, Lopez-Longo FJ. Anticardiolipin antibodies in pediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1344–1346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sammaritano LR, Piette JC. Pediatric and familial antiphospholipid syndromes. In: Asherson RA, Cervera R, Piette JC, Shoenfeld Y, eds. The antiphospholipid syndrome II: autoimmune thrombosis. New York: Elsevier; 2002:297–316.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kurugol Z, Vardar F, Ozkinay F, et al. Lupus anticoagulant and protein S deficiency in otherwise healthy children with acute varicella infection. Acta Pediatr 2000;89:1186–1189.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Blank M, Krause I, Fridkin M, et al. Bacterial induction of autoantibodies to β2 glycoprotein I accounts for the infectious etiology of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest 2002;109:797–804.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Figueroa F, Berrios X, Gutierrez M, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in acute rheumatic fever. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1175–1180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Narin N, Kutukculer N, Narin F, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in acute rheumatic fever and chronic rheumatic heart disease: is there a significant association? Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996;14:567–569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Toren P, Toren A, Weizman A, et al. Tourette’s Disorder: is there an association with the antiphospholipid syndrome? Biol Psychiatry 1994;35:495–498.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Singer HS, Krumholz A, Giuliano J, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies: an epiphenomenon in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord 1997;12:738–742.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Schöning M, Klein R, Krägeloh-Mann I, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in cerebrovascular ischemia and stroke in childhood. Neuropediatrics 1994;25:8–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Takanashi J, Sugita K, Miyazato S, et al. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in childhood strokes. Pediatr Neurol 1995;13:323–326.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Baca V, Garcia-Ramirez R, Ramirez-Lacayo M, et al. Cerebral infarction and antiphospholipid syndrome in children. J Rheumatol 1996;23:1428–1431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kenet G, Sadetzki S, Murad H, et al. Factor V Leiden and antiphospholipid antibodies are significant risk factors for ischemic stroke in children. Stroke 2000;31:1283–1288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Angelini L, Zibordi F, Zorzi G, et al. Neurological disorders, other than stroke, associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in childhood. Neuropediatrics 1996;27:149–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Avěin T, Markelj G, Niksic V, et al. Estimation of antiphospholipid antibodies in a prospective longitudinal study of children with migraine. Cephalalgia 2004;24:831–837.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  42. Spreafico R, Binelli S, Bruzzone MG, et al. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) and isolated partial seizures in adolescence. A case report. Ital J Neurol Sci 1994;15:297–301.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Angelini L, Granata T, Zibordi F, et al. Partial seizures associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in childhood. Neuropediatrics 1998;29:249–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cimaz R, Romeo A, Scarano A, et al. Prevalence of anti-cardiolipin, anti-β2 glycoprotein I, and anti-prothrombin antibodies in young patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2002;43:52–59.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Eriksson K, Peltola J, Keranen T, et al. High prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in children with epilepsy: a controlled study of 50 cases. Epilepsy Res 2001;46:129–137.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lorini R, d’Annunzio G, Montecucco C, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154:105–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ambrožič A, Avěin T, Ichikawa K, et al. Anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies in children with atopic dermatitis. Int Immunol 2002;14:1–8.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  48. Leak AM, Colaco CB, Isenberg DA. Anticardiolipin and anti-ss DNA antibodies in antinuclear positive juvenile chronic arthritis and other childhood onset rheumatic diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1987;5:18.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Caporali R, Ravelli A, Ramenghi B, et al. Antiphospholipid antibody associated with thrombosis in juvenile chronic arthritis. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:1384–1386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Andrews A, Hickling P. Thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid antibody in juvenile chronic arthritis. Lupus 1997;6:556–557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Avěin T, Ambrožič A, Božič B, et al. Estimation of anticardiolipin antibodies, anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies and lupus anticoagulant in a prospective longitudinal study of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002;20:101–108.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lee MT, Nardi MA, Hu G, et al. Transient hemorrhagic diathesis associated with an inhibitor of prothrombin with lupus anticoagulant in a 1 1/2-year-old girl: report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Hematol 1996;51:307–314.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Becton DL, Stine KC. Transient lupus anticoagulants associated with hemorrhage rather than thrombosis: the hemorrhagic lupus anticoagulant syndrome. J Pediatr 1997;130:998–1000.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Best IM, Anyadike NC, Bumpers HL. The antiphospholipid syndrome in a teenager with miscarriages, thrombosis, and diabetes mellitus. Am Surgeon 2000;66:748–750.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Roddy SM, Giang DW. Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke in an infant. Pediatrics 1991;87:933–935.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ravelli A, Caporali R, Montecucco C, et al. Superior vena cava thrombosis in a child with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992;19:502–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Nuss R, Hays T, Chudgar U, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and coagulation regulatory protein abnormalities in children with pulmonary emboli. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1997;19:202–207.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. von Scheven E, Athreya B, Rose CD, et al. Clinical characteristics of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in children. J Pediatr 1996;129:339–345.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  59. Bernstein ML, Salusinsky-Sternbach M, Bellefleur M, et al. Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in children with the lupus anticoagulant. Am J Dis Child 1984;138:1132–1135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Brady L, Magilavy D, Black DD. Portal vein thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in a child. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996;23:470–473.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Falcini F, Taccetti G, Trapani S, et al. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a report of two cases. J Rheumatol 1991;18:1085–1087.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Angelini L, Ravelli A, Caporali R, et al. High prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in children with idiopathic cerebral ischemia. Pediatrics 1994;94:500–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Di Nucci GD, Mariani G, Arcieri P, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome in young patients. Two cases of cerebral ischemic accidents. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154:334.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Olson JC, Konkol RJ, Gill JC, et al. Childhood stroke and lupus anticoagulant. Pediatr Neurol 1994;10:54–57.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Pope JM, Canny CHL, Bell DA. Cerebral ischemic events associated with endocarditis, retinal vascular disease, and lupus anticoagulant. Am J Med 1991;90:299–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Coull BM, Bourdette DN, Goddnight SH Jr, et al. Multiple cerebral infarctions associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Stroke 1987;18:1107–1112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. deVeber G, Andrew M, Adams C, et al. Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children. N Engl J Med 2001;345:417–423.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Heller C, Heinecke A, Junker R, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in children: a multifactorial origin. Circulation 2003;108:1362–1367.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Katsarou E, Attilakos A, Fessatou S, et al. Anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies and ischemic stroke in a 20-month-old boy. Pediatrics 2003;112:188–190.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ebeling F, Petaja J, Alanko S, et al. Infant stroke and β2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies: six cases. Eur J Pediatr 2003;162:678–681.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hasegawa M, Yamashita J, Yamashima T, et al. Spinal cord infarction associated with primary antiphospholipid syndrome in a young child. J Neurosurg 1993;79:446–450.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ohtomo Y, Matsubara T, Nishizawa K, et al. Nephropathy and hypertension as manifestations in a 13-year-old girl with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Acta Paediatrica 1998;87:903–907.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Deleze M, Oria CV, Alarcon-Segovia D. Occurrence of both hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura (Evans’ Syndrome) in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relationship to antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 1988;15:611–615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Hegde U, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1985;59:231–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Seaman DE, Londino V, Kent Kwoh C, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatrics 1995;96:1040–1045.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sakai M, Shirahata A, Akatsuka J, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Rinsho Ketsueki 2002;43:821–827.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Toren A, Toren P, Many A, et al. Spectrum of clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid antibodies in childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Hemat Oncol 1993;10:311–315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ura Y, Hara T, Mori Y, et al. Development of Perthes’ disease in a 3-year-old boy with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and antiphospholipid antibodies. Pediatr Hemat Oncol 1992;9:77–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Avěin T, Jazbec J, Kuhar M, et al. Evans syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003;25:73–74.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  80. Cervera R, Asherson RA, Font J, et al. Chorea in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical, radiologic, and immunologic characteristics of 50 patients from our clinics and the recent literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997;76:203–212.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Besbas N, Damarguc I, Ozen S. Association of antiphospholipid antibodies with systemic lupus erythematosus in a child presenting with chorea: a case report. Eur J Pediatr 1994;153:891–893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Dimou G, Siamopoulou-Mavirdou A. Chorea as a manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome in childhood. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1991;9:303–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Al-Matar M, Jaimes J, Malleson P. Chorea as the presenting clinical feature of primary antiphospholipid syndrome in childhood. Neuropediatrics 2000;31:107–108.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Okun MS, Jummani RR, Carney PR. Antiphospholipid-associated recurrent chorea and ballism in a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurol 2000;23:62–63.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1019–1027.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Besbas N, Anlar B, Apak A, et al. Optic neuropathy in primary antiphospholipid syndrome in childhood. J Child Neurol 2001;16:690–693.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Falcini F, Taccetti G, Ermini M, et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1997;24:389–392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Asherson RA, Crevera R, Piette JC, et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: clues to the pathogenesis from a series of 80 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001;80:355–377.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Tabbutt S, Griswold WR, Ogino MT, et al. Multiple thromboses in a premature infant associated with maternal phospholipid antibody syndrome. J Perinatol 1994;14:66–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Orsino A, Schneider R, DeVeber G, et al. Childhood acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML-M4) presenting as catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004;26:327–330.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Hudson N, Duffy CM, Rauch J, et al. Catastrophic hemorrhage in a case of pediatric primary antiphospholipid syndrome and factor II deficiency. Lupus 1997;6:68–71.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Gedalia A, Molin A, Garcia CO, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in childhood rheumatic disorders. Lupus 1998;7:551–553.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Manco-Johnson M, Nuss R. Lupus anticoagulant in children with thrombosis. Am J Hematol 1995;48:240–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Ravelli A, Caporali R, Di Fuccia G, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:398–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Berube C, Mitchell L, Silverman E, et al. The relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to thromboembolic events in pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Res 1998;44:351–356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Levy DM, Massicotte MP, Harvey E, et al. Thromboembolism in paediatric lupus patients. Lupus 2003;12:741–746.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Massengill SF, Hedrick C, Ayoub EM, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in pediatric lupus nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;29:355–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Dungan DD, Jay MS. Stroke in an early adolescent with systemic lupus erythematosus and coexistent antiphospholipid antibodies. Pediatrics 1992;90:96–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Shergy WJ, Kredich DW, Pisetsky DS. The relationship of anticardiolipin antibodies to disease manifestations in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1988;15:1389–1394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Montes de Oca MA, Babron MC, Bletry O, et al. Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a French collaborative study. Arch Dis Child 1991;66:713–717.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Molta C, Meyer O, Dosquet C, et al. Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: antiphospholipid antibodies in 37 patients and their first degree relatives. Pediatrics 1993;92:849–853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kwong T, Leonidas JC, Ilowite NT. Asymptomatic superior vena cava thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in an adolescent with SLE and antiphospholipid antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994;12:215–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Baca V, Sanchez-Vaca G, Martinez-Muniz I, et al. Successful treatment of transverse myelitis in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuropediatrics 1996;27:42–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Tomizawa K, Sato-Matsumura KC, Kajii N. The coexistence of cutaneous vasculitis and thrombosis in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus with antiphospholipid antibodies. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:439–441.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Brunner HI, Jones OY, Lovell DJ, et al. Lupus headaches in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to disease activity as measured by the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) and disease damage. Lupus 2003;12:600–606.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Brunner HI, Silverman ED, To T, et al. Risk factors for damage in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: cumulative disease activity and medication use predict disease damage. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:436–444.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Campos LM, Kiss MH, D’Amico EA, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in 57 children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2003;12:820–826.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J, et al. The “primary” antiphospholipid syndrome: major clinical and serological features. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989;68:366–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Gattorno M, Falcini F, Ravelli A, et al. Outcome of primary antiphospholipid syndrome in childhood. Lupus 2003;12:449–453.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Zurgil N, Bakimer R, Tincani A, et al. Detection of anti-phospholipid and anti-DNA antibodies and their idiotypes in newborns of mothers with anti-phospholipid syndrome and SLE. Lupus 1993;2:233–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Cohen SB, Goldenberg M, Rabinovici J, et al. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies in fetal blood and amniotic fluid derived from patients with the anti-phospholipid syndrome. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1170–1172.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Pollard JK, Scott JR, Branch DW. Outcome of children born to women treated during pregnancy for the antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:365–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Botet F, Romera G, Montagut P, et al. Neonatal outcome in women treated for the antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy. J Perinat Med 1997;25:192–196.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Ruffatti A, Dalla Barba B, Del Ross T, et al. Outcome of fifty-five newborns of antiphospholipid antibody-positive mothers treated with calcium heparin during pregnancy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998;16:605–610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Brewster JA, Shaw NJ, Farquharson RG. Neonatal and pediatric outcome of infants born to mothers with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Perinat Med 1999;27:183–187.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Andrew M, David M, Adams M, et al. Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) in children: first analyses of the Canadian Registry of VTE. Blood 1994;83:1251–1257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Andrew M, Paes B, Milner R, et al. Development of the human coagulation system in the healthy premature infant. Blood 1988;72:1651–1657.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Sammaritano LR, Ng S, Sobel R, et al. Anticardiolipin IgG subclasses: association of IgG2 with arterial and/or venous thrombosis. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1998–2006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Silver RK, MacGregor SN, Pasternak JF, et al. Fetal stroke associated with elevated maternal anticardiolipin antibodies. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:497–499.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Sheridan-Pereira M, Porreco RP, Hays T, et al. Neonatal aortic thrombosis associated with the lupus anticoagulant. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:1016–1018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Teyssier G, Gautheron V, Absi L, et al. Anticorps anticardiolipine, ischemie cerebrale et hemorragie surrenalienne chez un nouveau-né. Arch Pediatr 1995;2:1086–1088.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. de Klerk OL, de Vries TW, Sinnige LGF. An unusual cause of neonatal seizures in a newborn infant. Pediatrics 1997;100:E8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Contractor S, Hiatt M, Kosmin M, et al. Neonatal thrombosis with anticardiolipin antibody in baby and mother. Am J Perinatol 1992;9:409–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Akanli LF, Trasi SS, Thuraisamy K, et al. Neonatal middle cerebral artery infarction: association with elevated maternal anticardiolipin antibodies. Am J Perinatol 1998;15:399–402.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Chow G, Mellor D. Neonatal cerebral ischaemia with elevated maternal and infant anticardiolipin antibodies. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000;42:412–413.

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Finazzi G, Cortelazzo S, Viero P, et al. Maternal lupus anticoagulant and fatal neonatal thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1987;57:238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Navarro F, Doña-Naranjo MA, Villanueva I. Neonatal antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1997;24:1240–1241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Deally C, Hancock BJ, Giddins N, et al. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a cause of catastrophic shunt thrombosis in the newborn. J Cardiovasc Surg 1999;40:261–264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Hage ML, Liu R, Marcheschi DG, et al. Fetal renal vein thrombosis, hydrops fetalis, and maternal lupus anticoagulant. A case report. Prenat Diagn 1994;14:873–877.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tucker, L.B., Cimaz, R. (2006). Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Children. In: Khamashta, M.A. (eds) Hughes Syndrome. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-009-5_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-009-5_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-873-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-009-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics