Skip to main content

Etic and Emic Approaches to Asian Management Research

  • Chapter
Handbook of Asian Management

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abella, C.T. 1995. Socio-cultural factors influencing firm-level productivity in Philippines. In K.K. Hwang (ed.), Easternization; Socio-cultural Impact on Productivity (pp. 234–265). Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, J. 1992. Islamic work ethic. Journal of Psychology, 126: 507–519.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Alston, J.P. 1989. Wa, gunaxi, and inhwa: Managerial principles in Japan, China, and Korea. Business Horizon, March–April, 26–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amsden, A.H. 1989. Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayman, R. and Chemers, M.M. 1983. Relationships of supervisory behaviour ratings to work group effectiveness and subordinate satisfaction among Iranian managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 338–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azuma, J. 1984. Psychology in a non-western country. International Journal of Psychology, 19: 145–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azuma, J. 1988. Are Japanese really that different? The concept of development as a key for transformation. Invited Address at the XXIV International Congress of Psychology, September, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, C.A. and Ghosal, S. 1988. Organizing for world-wide effectiveness: transnational solution. California Management Review, Fall: 54–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B.M., Berger, P.C., Doctor, R. and Barrett, G.V. 1979. Assessment of Managers: An International Comparison. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J.W. 1969. On cross-cultural comparability. International Journal of Psychology, 4: 119–128.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J.W. 1990. Imposed etics, emics, derived etics: Their conceptual and operational status in cross-cultural psychology. In T.N. Headland, K.L. Pike and M. Harris (eds.), Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate (pp. 28–47). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boesch, E.E. 1996. The seven flaws of cross-cultural psychology: The story of conversion. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 3: 2–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M.H. 1997. Adding value to the cross-cultural study of organizational behaviour: Reculer pour mieux sauter. In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 256–275). San Francisco: New Lexington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D.E. 1991. Human Universals. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappelli, P. and Sherer, P.D. 1991. The missing role of context in OB: The need for a mesolevel approach. In B. Shaw and L.I. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behaviour (Vol. 13, (pp. 55–110). Greenwich, CT: Jai Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty, S.K. 1993. Managerial Transformation by Values: A Corporate Pilgrimage. New Delhi: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese Culture Connection. 1987. Chinese values and the research for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushner, K. and Brislin, R.W. 1996. Intercultural Interactions: A Practical Guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dastmalchian, A., Javidan, M. and Alam, K. 2001. Effective leadership and culture in Iran: An empirical study. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50: 532–558.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Dhakan, A.A.M. 1994. Case Studies: Pakistan. In P.S.C. Hsu (ed.), Corporate Culture and Productivity: Case Studies on Asia and the Pacific (pp. 499–533). Tokyo: Asia Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P.C. 1989. Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of United States and Peoples Republic of China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 385–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P.C. 1997. Doing an about face: Social motivation and cross-cultural currents. In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 243–255). San Francisco: New Lexington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P.C. and Singh, H. 2000. Innovations in International and Cross-national Management. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erez, M. 1986. The congruence of goal-setting strategies with socio-cultural values and its effects on performance. Journal of Management, 12: 83–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erez, M. 1994. Towards a model of cross-cultural industrial and organizational psychology. In H.C. Triandis, M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organizational Psychology (2nd edn, Vol. 4, pp. 559–608). Paulo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erez, M. 1997. A culture-based model of work motivation. In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 193–242). San Francisco: New Lexington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erez, M. and Earley, P.C. 1987. Comparative analysis of goal setting strategies across cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 658–665.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Florida, R. and Kenney, M. 1991. Transplanted organizations: The transfer of Japanese industrial organization into the U.S. American Sociological Review, 56: 381–399.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geringer, J.M. and Frayne, C.A. 2000. Strategic human resource management in international joint ventures. In P.C. Earley and H. Singh (eds.), Innovations in International and Crossnational Management (pp. 107–128). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, P.M. 2000. Three approaches to the psychology of culture: Where do they come from? Where can they go? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3: 223–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, K. 1983. Native-view paradigms: Multiple cultures and culture conflicts in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28: 359–376.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Habibi, M. and Amirshahi, M. 2000. Key cultural factors in management and productivity: Case studies in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In J.B.P. Sinha (ed.), Managing Cultural Diversity for Productivity: The Asian Ways (pp. 152–181). Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haire, M., Ghiselli, E.E. and Porter, L.W. 1966. Managerial Thinking: An International Study. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E.T. 1981. Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamada, T. 1996. Unwrapping Euro-American masculinity in a Japanese multinational corporation. In C. Cheng (ed.), Masculinities in Organizations (pp. 160–176). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Headland, T.N., Pike, K.L. and Harris, M. 1990. Introduction. In T.N. Headland, K.L. Pike and M. Harris (eds.), Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickson, D.J., Hinings, C.R., McMillan, C.J. and Schwitter, J.P. 1974. The culture-free context of organizational structure. Sociology, 8: 59–80.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. 1983. The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 14: 75–89.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. 1988. McGregor in South East Asia. In D. Sinha and H.R.S. Kao (eds.), Social Values and Development: Asian Perspectives (pp. 304–314). New Delhi: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. 1991. Culture and Organizations. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. 2001. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, R.J., Wright, N.S. and Aditya, R.N. 1997. Cross-cultural research on organizational leadership: A critical analysis and a proposed theory. In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 535–625). San Francisco: New Lexington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulin, C.L. 1987. A psychometric theory of evaluations of item and scale translations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18: 115–142.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, F. 1953. Americans and Chinese: Two Ways of Life. New York: Abelard-Schuman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, P.S.C. 1994 (ed.), Corporate Culture and Productivity; Case Studies on Asia and The Pacific. Tokyo: Asia Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, K.K. 1995 (ed.). Easternization: Socio-cultural Impact on Productivity. Tokyo: Asia Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, K.K. 1999. Filial piety and loyalty: Two types of social identification in Confucianism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2: 163–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inkeles, A. and Smith, D.H. 1975. Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries. London: Heinemann Educational.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahoda, G. 1977. In pursuit of the emic-etic distinction: Can we overcome it? In Y.H. Poortinga (ed.), Basic Problems in Cross-cultural Psychology (pp. 55–63). Lisse: Swets & Zettlinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabasakal, H. and Dastmalchian, A. 2001. Introduction to the special issue on leadership and culture in the Middle East. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50: 479–488.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, H.C. 1983. The Future of Industrial Societies; Convergence or Continuing Diversity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard university Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S.U. 1999. Determinants and characteristics of the corporate culture of Korean enterprises. In H.S.R. Kao, D. Sinha and B. Wilpert (eds.), Management and Cultural Values: The Indigenization of Organizations in Asia (pp. 86–101). New Delhi: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, U. 1995. Psychology, science, and culture: Cross-cultural analysis of national psychologies in developing countries. International Journal of Psychology, 30: 663–679.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, U. 2000. Indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychology: A theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological analysis. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3: 265–288.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, U. and Yamaguchi, S. 1995. Conceptual and empirical analysis of amae: Exploration into Japanese psycho-social space. In Proceedings of the Japanese Group Dynamics Conference, Tokyo: Japanese Group Dynamics Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, U., Triandis, H.C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S.C. and Yoon, G. 1994 (eds.). Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kloos, P. 1988. Door het oog van anthropolog (Through the Eyes of the Anthropologist). Muiderberg: The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komin, S. 1999. The Thai concept of effective leadership. In H.S.R. Kao, D. Sinha and B. Wilpert (ed.), Management and Cultural Values (pp. 252–264). New Delhi: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, D.K. 1990. Crafting Selves: Power, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in Japanese.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornadt, H.J., Eckensberger, L.H. and Emmingaus, W.B. (1980). Cross-cultural research on motivation and its contribution to a general theory of motivation. In H.C. Triandis and W.W. Lonner (eds.), Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 223–321). Boston: Allyn & Becon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Learner, D. 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing of the Middle East. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung, K. 1997. Negotiation and reward allocations across cultures. In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 640–675). San Francisco: New Lexington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung, K. and Bond, M.H. 1984. The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47: 793–804.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, K., Bond, M.H., Carrasqel, S.R., Munoz, C., Murakami, F, Yamaguchi, S., Bierbrauer, G. and Singelis, T.M. 2002. Social axioms: The search for universal dimensions of general beliefs about how the world functions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33: 286–302.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Lytle, A.L., Brett, J., Barsness, Z.I., Tinsley, C.H. and Janssens, M. 1995. A paradigm for confirmatory cross-cultural research in organizational behaviour. In L.L. Cumming and B.M. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behaviour (Vol. 17, pp. 167–214). Greenwich, CT: Jai Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maehr, M.L. 1974. Culture and achievement motivation. American Psychologist, 29: 887–896.

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, B. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific. London: Routledgo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marano, L. 1982. Windigo psychosis: The anatomy of an emic-etic confusion. Current Anthropology, 23: 385–412.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, I. 1992. Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D.C. 1961. The Achieving Society. New York: Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D.C. 1975. Power: The Inner Experience. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D.C. 1985. Human Motivation. Glenview, IL, Scott, Foresman.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D.C. and Winter, D.G. 1969. Motivating Economic Development. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, P. 1991. People’s Development, Motivation, and Work Organization. New Delhi: Participation and Development Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendonca, M. and Kanungo, R.N. 1990. Performance management in developing countries. In A.M. Jaeger and R.N. Kanungo (eds.), Management in Developing Countries (pp. 223–263). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merekula, J.R. 2000. Comparative study of Indo-Fijian and native Fijian cultural practices in managing business enterprises in Fiji. In J.B.P. Sinha (ed.), Managing Cultural Diversity for Productivity: The Asian Ways (pp. 68–93). Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, A.G. 1970. Theories of convergence. In C. Johnson (ed.), Change in Communist Systems (pp. 113–129). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misumi, J. 1985. The Behavioural Science of Leadership. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, M.W., Leung, K., Ames, D. and Lickel, B. 1999. Views from inside and outside: Integrating emic and tic insights about culture and justice judgement. Academy of Management Review, 24: 781–796.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • MOW International Research Team. 1987. The Meaning of Working. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munroe, R. and Munroe, R. 1971. Effects of environmental experience on spatial ability in East Africa. Journal of Social Psychology, 83: 15–22.

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Negandhi, A.R. 1973. Management and Economic Development: The Case of Taiwan. The Hague: Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagandhi, A.R. 1986. Three decades of cross-cultural management research. In S.R. Clegg, D.C. Dunphy and S.G. Redding (eds.), The Enterprise and Management in East Asia (pp. 35–66). Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, S.H. and Liu, J.H. 2000. Cultural revolution in psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3: 289–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbet, R. 1971. Ethnocentrism and the comparative method. In A. Desai (ed.), Essays on Modernization of Underdeveloped Societies (Vol. 1, pp. 95–114). Bombay: Thacker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nord, W.R. 1986. Continuity and change in industrial/organizational psychology: Learning from previous mistakes. In F.J. Landy (ed.), Readings in Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 438–447). Chicago: Dorsey Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pande, N. and Naidu, R.K. 1992. Anasakti and health: A study of non-attachment. Psychology and Developing Societies, 4: 89–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, J. 1986. Cross-cultural perspective on ingratiation. In B. Mahler and W. Mahler (eds.), Progress in Experimental Personality Research (pp.). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pareek, U. 1988. Organizational Behaviour. Jaipur, India: Rawat.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pike, K.L. 1967. Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of The Structure of Human Behaviour. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pike, K.L. 1990. On the emics and etics of Pike and Harris. In T.N. Headland, K.L. Pike and M. Harris (eds.), Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate (pp. 28–36). Newbury park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poortinga, Y.H. 1997. Towards convergence? In J.W. Berry, Y.H. Poortinga and J. Pandey (eds.), Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology, Vol. 1. Theory and Method (2nd edn, pp. 347–387). MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pugh, D.S. 1976. The Aston approach to the study of organizations. In G. Hofstede and M.S. Kassem (eds.), European Contributions to Organizational Theory (pp. 62–78). Assen, The Netherlands: Van Goreum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pugh, D.S. and Hickson, D.J. 1976. Organizational Structure in Its Context: The Aston Programme. London: Saxon House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pye, L.W. 1985. Asian Power and Politics; The Cultural Dimension of Authority. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quah, S.R. 1995. Socio-cultural factors and productivity: The case of Singapore. In K.K. Hwang (ed.), Easternization; Socio-cultural Impact on Productivity (pp. 266–333). Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, N. 1995. Socio-cultural factors influencing productivity in the Malaysian Malays. In K.K. Hwang (ed.), Easternization; Socio-cultural Impact on Productivity (pp. 177–200). Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D.A., Gustafson, D.J., Elsass, P.M., Cheung, F. and Terpstra, R.H. 1992. Eastern values: A comparison of managers in the United States, Hong Kong, and the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77: 664–671.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Redding, S.G. 1990. The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism. New York: W. de Guyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redding, S.G., Norman, A. and Schlander, A. 1994. The nature of individual attachment to the organization: A review of East Asian variations. In H.C. Triandis, M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organizational Psychology (2nd edn, Vol. 4, pp. 747–688). Paulo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redding. S.G. and Wong. G.Y. 1986. The psychology of Chinese organizational behavior. In M.H. Bond (ed.), The Psychology of the Chinese People. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlen, T. 1974. For Harmony and Strength: Japanese White-cellar Organization in Anthropological Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, S. and Shenkar, O. 1985. Clustering countries on attitudinal dimensions: A review and synthesis. Academy of Management Review, 10: 435–454.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D.M. and House, R.J. 1994. Meso organizational behaviour: Avoiding three fundamental biases. In C.I. Cooper and D.M. Rousseau (eds.), Trends in organizational behaviour (Vol. 1, pp. 15–29). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B. 1990. Organizational Climate and Culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H. 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M.P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). Orlando: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H. 1994. Beyond individualism and collectivism. In U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.C. Choi and G. Yoon (ed.), Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications (pp. 85–119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H. and Bilsky, W. 1987. Toward a universal structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53: 550–562.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Shenkar, O. and Zeira, Y. 1987. Human resource management in international joint ventures: Directions for research. Academy of Management Review, 12: 546–557.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Shurchuluu, P.U. 2000. The preconditions for cross-cultural management of productivity in Mongolia. In J.B.P. Sinha (ed.), Managing Cultural Diversity for Productivity: The Asian Ways (pp. 245–294). Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, R.A. 1991. Thinking Through Cultures: Expeditions in Cultural Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, R.A. 2000. The psychology of practice and the practice of the three psychologies. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3: 207–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, D. 1987. Ahinsa as conflict resolution technique and instrument of peace: A psychological appraisal. Paper presented at the seminar on Peace and Conflict Resolution in the World Community, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, D. 1997. Indigenizing psychology. In J.W. Berry, Y.H. Poortinga and J. Pandey (eds.), Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology, Vol. 1. Theory and method (2nd edn, pp. 129–169). MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. 1968. The nAch/nCooperation under limited/unlimited resource conditions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4: 233–248.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. 1980. The Nurturant Task Leader. New Delhi: Concept.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. 1984. Towards partnership for relevant research in the Third World. International Journal of Psychology, 19: 169–178.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. 1990. The salient Indian values and their socio-ecological roots. Indian Journal of Social Sciences, 3: 477–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. 1994. Cultural embeddedness and developmental role of industrial organizations in India. In H.C. Triandis, M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organizational Psychology (2nd edn. Vol. 4, pp. 727–764). Paulo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. 1995. The Cultural Context of Leadership and Power. New Delhi: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. 1997. A cultural perspective on organizational behaviour in India. In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 53–74). San Francisco: New Lexington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. 2000a. (Ed.). Managing Cultural Diversity for Productivity: The Asian Ways. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. 2000b. Interface of foreign and Indian values in productive organizations. In J.B.P. Sinha (ed.), Managing Cultural Diversity for Productivity: The Asian Ways (pp. 94–126). Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. in press. Multinationals in India: Strategies for managing the interface of cultures. New Delhi: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, J.B.P. and Pandey, J. 1970. Strategies of high nAch persons. Psychologia, 13: 210–216.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.B. 1997. Cross-cultural leadership: A path to goal? In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 626–639). San Francisco: New Lexington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.B. and Bond, M.H. 1998. Social Psychology: Across Cultures (2nd edn) Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.B., Dugan, S. and Trompenaars, F. 1996. National culture and values of organizational employees. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27: 231–264.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Smith P.B. and Peterson, M. 1988. Leadership in Context. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.B. and Tayeb, M. 1988. Organizational structure and process. In M.H. Bond (ed.), The Cross-cultural Challenge to Social Psychology (pp. 153–164). Newburry Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spector, P.E., Cooper, C.L., Sparks, K. et al. 2001. An international study of the psychometric properties of the Hofstede Values Survey module 1994: A comparison of individual andcountry/province level results. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50: 269–281.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivas, K.M. 2000. Pilgrimage to Indian Ethos Management: A Look at Indigenous Approaches to Organizational Development. Calcutta: Indian Institute of Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S., Beechler, S. and Napier, N. 1996. Towards an integrative model of strategic international human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 2: 939–985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H.C. 1993. Dimensions of cultural variations as parameters of organizational theories. International Studies of Management and Organizations, 12: 139–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H.C. 1994. Cross-cultural industrial and organizational psychology. In H.C. Triandis, M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds.). Handbook of Industrial Organizational Psychology (2nd edn, Vol. 4, pp. 103–172). Paulo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H.C. 1995a. Culture and Social Behaviour. New York: McGraw.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H.C. 1995b. Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, GO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H.C. 1999. Cross-cultural psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2: 127–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H.C. 2000. Dialectics between cultural and cross-cultural psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3: 185–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H.C. and Bhawuk, P.S. 1997. Culture theory and meaning of relatedness. In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 13–54). San Francisco: New Lexington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H.C., Kurowski, L.L. and Gelfand, M.J. 1994. Workplace diversity. In H.C. Triandis, M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organizational Psychology (2nd edn, Vol. 4, pp. 769–827). Paulo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, C.H., McCusker, C, Betancourt, H., Iwao, S., Leung, K., Salazar, J.M. et al. 1993. An etic-emic analysis of individualism-collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24: 366–383.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, R. 1990. Governing The Market: The Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, I. 1969. The problems of convergence of industrialized societies: A critical look at the state of a theory. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 11: 1–15.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Whitley, R.D. 1995. The social construction of business systems in East Asia. In S.G. Redding (ed.), International Cultural Differences. Aldershot, England: Brookfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteley, W. and England, G.W. 1980. Variability in common dimensions of managerial values due to value orientation and country difference. Personnel Psychology, 33: 77–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilms, W.W., Hardcastte, A.I. and Zell, D.M. 1994. Cultural transformation at NUMMI. Sloan Management Review, 38: 99–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K.S. 1997. Indigenizing westernized Chinese psychology. In M.H. Bond (ed.), Working at The Interface of Culture: Eighteen Lives in Social Science (pp. 62–75). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K.S. 2000. Monocultural and cross-cultural indigenous approaches: The royal road to the development of a balanced global psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3: 241–264.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sinha, J.B.P. (2004). Etic and Emic Approaches to Asian Management Research. In: Leung, K., White, S. (eds) Handbook of Asian Management. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-7932-X_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-7932-X_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-7754-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-7932-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics