Abstract
Primary charge separation in photosynthesis is initiated by a few specialized chlorophyll (Chl) or bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) molecules in the reaction centers. Excitation of the primary donors leads to reduction of the primary and secondary electron acceptors, which often contain structurally distinct Chl and BChl derivatives: such specially-tailored Chls include ‘prime-type,’ ‘metal-free’ and ‘Zn-containing’ Chls. The functions of many such pigments have long remained unclear, but recently the roles of some have been elucidated. Here, a short overview is given on the minor but specially-tailored Chls that function as key components in photosynthesis.
Keywords
- Purple Bacterium
- Green Sulfur Bacterium
- Primary Electron Donor
- Primary Charge Separation
- Primary Electron Acceptor
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akiyama M, Kobayashi M, Kise H, Hara M, WakaoN and Shimada K (1998a) Pigment composition of the reaction center complex isolated from an acidophilic bacterium Acidiphilium rubrum grown at pH 3.5. Photomed Photobiol 20:85–87
Akiyama M, Kobayashi M, Kise H, Takaichi S, Watanabe T, Shimada K, Iwaki M, Itoh S, Ishida N, Koizumi M, Kano H, Wakao N and Hiraishi A (1998b) Acidiphilium rubrum and zinc-bacteriochlorophyll, part 1: Molecular structure of the zinc-containing bacteriochlorophyll. In: Garab G (ed) Photosynthesis: Mechanism and Effects, Vol 2, pp 731–734. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Akiyama M, Miyashita H, Watanabe T, Kise H, Miyachi S and Kobayashi M (2001) Detection of chlorophyll d' and pheophytin a in a chlorophyll d-dominating oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote Acaryochloris marina. Anal Sci 17:205–208
Akiyama M, Miyashita H, Kise H, Watanabe T, Mimuro M, Miyachi S and Kobayashi M (2002) Quest for minor but key chlorophyll molecules in photosynthetic reaction centers—Unusual pigment composition in the reaction centers of a chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. Photosynth Res 74:97–107
Akiyama M, Gotoh T, Kise H, Miyashita H, Mimuro M and Kobayashi M (2003) Stoichiometries of chlorophyll d'/PS I and chlorophyll á/PS II in a chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. J Phycol 51, in press
Bazzaz MB (1981) New chlorophyll chromophores isolated from a chlorophyll-deficient mutant of maize. Photobiochem Photobiophys 2:199–207
Bazzaz MB and Brereton RG (1982) 4-Vinyl-4-desethyl chlorophyll a: A new naturally occurring chlorophyll. FEBS Lett 138:104–108
Bazzaz MB, Govindjee and Paolillo DJ Jr (1974) Biochemical, spectral and structural study of olive necrotic 8147 mutant of Zea mays L. Z Pfanzenphysiol Bd 72:181–192
Bazzaz MB, Bradley CV and Brereton RG (1982) 4-Vinyl-4-desethyl chlorophyll a: Characterisation of a new naturally occurring chlorophyll using fast atom bombardment, field desorption and ‘in beam’ electron impact mass spectroscopy. Tetrahedron Lett 23:1211–1214
Braumann T, Vasmel H, Grimme LH and Amesz J (1986) Pigment composition of the photosynthetic membrane and reaction center of the green bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii. Biochim Biophys Acta 848:83–91
Brockman H Jr and Lipinski A (1983) Bacteriochlorophyll g. A new bacteriochlorophyll from Heliobacterium chlorum. Arch microbiol 136:17–19
Büttner M, Xie D-L, Nelson H, Pinther W, Hauska G and Nelson N (1992a) Photosynthetic reaction center genes in green sulfur bacteria and in Photosystem 1 are related. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:8135–8139
Büttner M, Xie D-L, Nelson H, Pinther W, Hauska G and Nelson N (1992b) The Photosystem I-like P840-reaction center of the green S-bacteria is a homodimer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1101:154–156
Chisholm SW, Olson RJ, Zettler ER, Goericke R, Waterbury JB and Welschmeyer NA (1988) A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone. Nature 334:340–343
Dörnemann D and Senger H (1982) Physical and chemical properties of chlorophyll RCI extracted from Photosystem I of spinach leaves and from algae. Photochem Photobiol 35:821–826
Fajer J, Brune DC, Davis MS, Forman A and Spaulding LD (1975) Primary charge separation in bacterial photosynthesis: Oxidized chlorophylls and reduced pheophytin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:4956–4960
Fiedor L, Rosenbach-Belkin V and Scherz A (1992) The stereospecific interaction between chlorophylls and chlorophyllase. J Biol Chem 26:22043–22047
Fuller RC, Sprague SG, Gest H and Blankenship RE (1985) A unique photosynthetic reaction center from Heliobacterium chlorum. FEBS Lett 182:345–349
Geskes C, Hartwich G, Scheer H, Mantele W and Heinze J (1995) An electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical investigation of metal-substituted bacteriochlorophyll a. J Am Chem Soc 117:7776–7783
Gest H (1994) Discovery of the heliobacteria. Photosynth Res 41:17–21
Goericke R and Repeta DJ (1992) The pigments of Prochlorococcus marinus: The presence of divinyl chlorophyll a and b in a marine procaryote. Limnol Oceanogr 37:425–433
Gounaris K, Chapman DJ, Booth P, Crystall B, Giorgi IB, Klug DR, Porter G and Barber J (1990) Comparison of the D1/D2/ cytochrome b559 reaction centre complex of photosystem two isolated by two different methods. FEBS Lett 265:88–92
Hastings G, Durrant JR, Barber J, Porter G and Klug DR (1992) Observation of pheophytin reduction in photosystem two reaction centers using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Biochemistry 31:7638–7647
Hauska G, Schoedl T, Remigy H and Tsiotis G (2001) The reaction center of green sulfur bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1507:260–277
Helfrich M, Schoch S, Lampert U, Cmeil E and Rüdiger W (1994) Chlorophyll synthetase cannot synthesize chlorophyll a'. Eur J Biochem 219:267–275
Helfrich M, Schoch S, Schäfer W, Ryberg M and Rüdiger W (1996) Absolute configuration of protochlorophyllide a and substrate specificity of NADPH—Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. J Am Chem Soc 118:2606–2611
Helfrich M, Ross A, King GC, Turner AG and Larkum AWD (1999) Identification of [8-vinyl]-protochlorophyllide a in phototrophic prokaryotes and algae: Chemical and spectroscopic properties. Biochim Biophys Acta 1410:262–272
Hiraishi A and Shimada K (2001) Aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria with zinc-bacteriochlorophyll. J Gen Appl Microbiol 47:161–180
Hiraishi A, Matsuzawa Y, Kanbe T and Wakao N (2000) Acidisphaera rubrifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacterium isolated from acidic environments. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50:1539–1546
Hu Q, Miyashita H, Iwasaki I, Kurano N, Miyachi S, Iwaki M and Itoh S (1998) A Photosystem I reaction center driven by chlorophyll d in oxygenic photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:13319–13323
Itoh S, Iwaki M, Noguti T, Kawamori A, Mino H, Hu Q, Iwasaki I, Miyashita H, Kurano KN, Miyachi S and Shen R (2001) Photosystem I and II reaction centers of a new oxygenic organism Acaryochloris marina that use chlorophyll. In: PS 2001: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, S6-028. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne (CD-ROM)
Jordan P, Fromme P, Witt HT, Klukas O, Saenger W, Krauß N (2001) Three-dimensional structure of cyanobacterial Photo-system I at 2.5 Å resolution. Nature 411:909–917
Kaufmann KJ, Dutton PL, Netzel TL, Leigh JS and Rentzepis PM (1975) Picosecond kinetics of events leading to reaction center bacteriochlorophyll oxidation. Science 188:1301–1304
Kirmaier C, Blankenship RE and Holten D (1986) Formation and decay of radical-pair P+ I- in Chloroflexus aurantiacus reaction centers. Biochim Biophys Acta 850:275–285
Klimov VV and Krasnowskii AA (1981) Pheophytin as the primary electron acceptor in Photosystem 2 reaction centres. Photosynthetica 15:592–609
Klimov VV, Shuvalov VA, Krakhmaleva IN, Klevanik AV and Krasnovskii AA (1977a) Photoreduction of bacteriopheo-phytin b in the primary light reaction of Rhodopseudomonas viridis chromatophores. Biokhimiya 42:519–530
Klimov VV Klevanik Ay Shuvalov VA and Krasnovsky AA (1977b) Reduction of pheophytin in the primary light reaction of Photosystem II. FEBS Lett 82:183–186
Klimov VV Allkhverdiev SI, Demeter S and Krasnovsky AA (1977c) Photoreduction of pheophytin in Photosystem 2 of chloroplasts with respect to the redox potential of the medium. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 249:227–230
Klimov VV Shuvalov VA and Heber U (1985) Photoreduction of pheophytin as a result of electron donation from the water-splitting system to Photosystem-II reaction centers. Biochim Biophys Acta 809:345–350
Kobayashi M, Watanabe T, Nakazato M, Ikegami I, Hiyama T, Matsunaga T and Murata N (1988) Chlorophyll a'/P700 and pheophytin a/P680 stoichiometries in higher plants and cyanobacteria determined by HPLC analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta 936:81–89
Kobayashi M, Maeda H, Watanabe T, Nakane H and Satoh K (1990) Chlorophyll a and β-carotene content in the D l/D2/cytochrome b-559 reaction center complex from spinach. FEBS Lett 260:138–140
Kobayashi M, van de Meent EJ, Amesz J, Ikegami I and Watanabe T (1991) Bacteriochlorophyll g epimer as a possible reaction center component of heliobacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1057:89–96
Kobayashi M, van de Meent EJ, Oh-oka H, Inoue K, Itoh S, Amesz J and Watanabe T (1992) Pigment composition of heliobacteria and green sulfur bacteria. In: Murata N (ed) Research in Photosynthesis, Vol 1, pp 393–396. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Kobayashi M, Iwaki M, Tomo T, Kise H, Satoh K and Itoh S (1995) Heat-induced pigment alteration in the Photosystem I and II reaction center. In: Mathis P (ed) Photosynthesis: From Light to Biosphere Vol 2, pp 139–142. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Kobayashi M, Hamano T, Akiyama M, Watanabe T, Inoue K, Oh-oka H, Amesz J, Yamamura M and Kise H (1998a) Light-independent isomerization of bacteriochlorophyll g to chlorophyll a catalyzed by weak acid in vitro. Anal Chim Acta 365:, 199–203
Kobayashi M, Yamamura M, Akutsu S, Miyake J, Kara M, Akiyama M and Kise H (1998b) Successfully controlled isomerization and pheophytinization of bacteriochlorophyll b by weak acid in the dark in vitro. Anal Chim Acta 361:285–290
Kobayashi M, Akiyama M, Kise H, Takaichi S, Watanabe T, Shimada K, Iwaki M, Itoh S, Ishida N, Koizumi M, Kano H, Wakao N and Hiraishi A (1998c) Structural determination of the novel Zn-containing bacteriochlorophyll in Acidiphilium rubrum. Photomed Photobiol 20:75–80
Kobayashi M, Yamamura M, Akiyama M, Kise H, Inoue K, Hara M, Wakao N, Yahara K and Watanabe T (1998d) Acid resistance of [Zn]-Bacteriochlorophyll a from an acidophilic bacterium Acidiphilium rubrum. Anal Sci 14:1149–1152
Kobayashi M, Akiyama M, Watanabe T and Kano H (1999a) Exotic chlorophylls as key components of photosynthesis. Current Topics in Plant Biology 1:17–35
Kobayashi M, Akiyama M, Yamamura M, Kise H, Wakao N, Ishida N, Koizumi M, Kano H and Watanabe T (1999b) Comparison of physicochemical properties of metallobacteriochlorophylls and metallochlorophylls. Z Phys Chem 213:207–214
Kobayashi M, Oh-oka H, Akutsu S, Akiyama M, Tominaga K, Kise H, Nishida F, Watanabe T, Amesz J, Koizumi M, Ishida N and Kano H (2000) The primary electron acceptor of green sulfur bacteria, bacteriochlorophyll 663, is chlorophyll a esterified with Δ2,6-phytadienol. Photosynth Res 63:269–280
Kok B (1956) Preliminary notes on the reversible absorption change at 705 μm in photosynthetic organisms. Biochim Biophys Acta 22:399–401
Liebl U, Mockensturm-Wilson M, Trost JT, Brune DC, Blanken- ship RE and Vermaas W (1993) Single core polypeptide in the reaction center of the photosynthetic bacterium Heliobacillus mobilis: Structural implications and relations to other photo-systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7124–7128
Maeda H, Watanabe T, Kobayashi M and Ikegami I (1992) Presence of two chlorophyll a' molecules at the core of Photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1099:74–80
Manning WM and Strain HH (1943) Chlorophyll d, a green pigment of red algae. J Biol Chem 151:1–19
Masuda T, Inoue K, Masuda M, Nagayama M, Tamaki A, Ohta H, Shimada H and Takamiya K (1999) Magnesium insertion by magnesium chelatase in the biosynthesis of zinc-bacterio— chlorophyll a in an aerobic acidophilic bacterium Acidiphilium rubrum. J Biol Chem 274:33594–33600
Mattioli TA, Williams JC, Allen JP and Robert B (1994) Changes in primary donor hydrogen-bonding interactions in mutant reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaemides: Identification of the vibrational frequencies of all the conjugated carbonyl groups. Biochemistry 33:1636–1643
Michalski TJ, Hunt JE, Bowman MK, Smith U, Bardeen K, Gest H, Norris JR and Katz JJ (1987) Bacteriopheophytin g: Properties and some speculations on a possible primary role for bacteriochlorophylls b and g in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:2570–2574
Mimuro M, Akimoto S, Yamazaki I, Miyashita H and Miyachi S (1999) Fluorescence properties of chlorophyll d-dominating prokaryotic alga, Acaryochloris marina: Studies using time- resolved fluorescence spectroscopy on intact cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1412:37–46
Mimuro M, Hirayama K, Uezono K, Miyashita H and Miyachi S (2000) Uphill energy transfer in a chlorophyll d-dominating oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote, Acaryochloris marina. Biochim Biophys Acta 1456:27–34
Miyashita H, Ikemoto H, Kurano N, Adachi K, Chihara M and Miyachi S (1996) Chlorophyll d as a major pigment. Nature 383:402
Miyashita H, Adachi K, Kurano N, Ikemoto H, Chihara M and Miyachi S (1997) Pigment composition of a novel oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote containing chlorophyll d as the major chlorophyll. Plant Cell Physiol 38:274–281
Murakami A, Kawai H, Adachi K, Miyashita H, Sakawa T and Mimuro M (2001) Chlorophyll d in Rhodophyceae: Presence and function. In: PS 2001: Proceedings 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, S31-004. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne (CD-ROM)
Murata N, Araki S, Fujita Y, Suzuki K, KuwabaraT and Mathis P (1986) Stoichiometric determination of pheophytin in Photosystem II of oxygenic photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 9:63–70
Nagashima KVP, Matsuura K, Wakao N, Hiraishi A and Shimada K (1997) Nucleotide sequences of genes cording for photo-synthetic reaction centers and light-harvesting proteins of Acidiphilium rubrum and related aerobic acidophilic bacteria. Plant Cell Physiol 38:1249–1258
Nakamura A and Watanabe T (1998) HPLC determination of photosynthetic pigments during greening of etiolated barley leaves. Evidence for the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a'. FEBS Lett 426:201–204
Nakamura A and Watanabe T (2001) Separation and determination of minor photosynthetic pigments by reversed-phase HPLC with minimal alteration of chlorophylls. Anal Sci 17:503–508
Nakamura A, Tanaka S and Watanabe T (2001) Normal-phase HPLC separation of possible biosynthetic intermediates of pheophytin a and chlorophyll a. Anal Sci 17:509–513
Nanba O and Satoh K (1987) Isolation of a Photosystem II reaction center consisting of D-1 and D-2 polypeptides and cytochrome b-559. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:109–112
Neerken S and Amesz J (2001) The antenna reaction center complex of heliobacteria: composition, energy conversion and electron transfer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1507:278–290
Neerken S, Schmidt KA, Aartsma TJ and Amesz J (1999) Dynamics of energy conversion in reaction center core complexes of the green sulfur bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii at low temperature. Biochemistry 38:13216–13222
Neerken S, Aartsma TJ and Amesz J (2000) Pathways of energy transformation in antenna reaction center complexes of Heliobacillus mobilis. Biochemistry 39:3297–3303
Nishiyama Y, Kitamura M, Tamura S and Watanabe T (1994) Purification and substrate specificity of chlorophyllase from Chlorella regularis. Chem Lett:69–72
Nuijs AM, van Dorssen RJ, Duysens LNM and Amesz J (1985a) Excited states and primary photochemical reaction in the photosynthetic bacterium Heliobacterium chlorum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:6865–6868
Nuijs AM, Vasmel H, Joppe HLP, Duysens LNM and Amesz J (1985b) Excited states and primary charge separation in the pigment system of the green photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii as studied by picosecond absorbance difference spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 807:24–34
Olson JM, Prince RC and Brune DC (1977) Reaction-center complexes from green bacteria. Brookhaven Symp Biol 28:238–246
Parson WW, Clayton RK and Cogdell RJ (1975) Excited states of photosynthetic reaction centers at low redox potentials. Biochim Biophys Acta 387:265–278
Permentier HP, Schmidt KA, Kobayashi M, Akiyama M, Hager-Braun C, Neerken S, Miller M and Amesz J (2000) Composition and optical properties of reaction center core complexes from the green sulfur bacteria Prosthecochloris aestuarii and Chlorobium tepidum. Photosynth Res 64:27–39
Pierson BK and Thornber JP (1983) Isolation and spectral characterization of photochemical reaction centers from the thermophilic green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus strain J-10-f1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:80–84
Prince RC and Olson JM (1976) Some thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the primary photochemical reactions in a complex from a green photosynthetic bacterium. Biochim Biophys Acta 423:357–362
Prince RC, Gest H and Blankenship RE (1985) Thermodynamic properties of the photochemical reaction center of Heliobacterium chlorum. Biochim Biophys Acta 810:377–384
Rebeiz CA, Belanger FC, Freyssinet G and Saab DG (1980) Chloroplast biogenesis. XXIX. The occurrence of several novel chlorophyll a and b chromophores in higher plants. Biochim Biophys Acta 590:234–247
Ricketts TR (1966) Magnesium 2,4-divinylphaeoporphyrin a 5 monomethyl ester, a protochlorophyll-like pigment present in some unicellular flgellates. Phytochemistry 5:223–229
Rockley MG, Windsor MW, Cogdell RJ and Parson WW (1975) Picosecond detection of an intermediate in the photochemical reaction of bacterial photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:2251–2255
Scheer H and Hartwich G (1995) Bacterial reaction centers with modified tetrapyrrol chromophores. In: Blankenship RE, Madiagan MT and Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria, pp 649–663. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Shuvalov VA, Vasmel H, Amesz J and Duysens LNM (1986) Picosecond spectroscopy of the charge separation in reaction centers of Chloroflexus aurantiacus with selective excitation of the primary electron donor. Biochim Biophys Acta 851:361–368
Steiner R, Cmiel E and Scheer H (1983) Chemistry of bacterio-chlorophyll b: Identification of some (photo)oxidation products. Z Naturforsch C 38, 748–752
Strain HH and Manning WM (1942) Isomerization of chlorophylls a and b. J Biol Chem 146:275–276
Sybesma C and Vredenberg WJ (1963) Evidence for a reaction center P840 in the green photosynthetic bacterium Chloropseudomonas ethylicum. Biochim Biophys Acta 75:439–441
van de Meent EJ, Kleinherenbrink FAM and Amesz J (1990) Purification and properties of an antenna-reaction center complex from heliobacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1015:223–230
van de Meent EJ, Kobayashi M, Erkelens C, Van Veelen PA, Amesz J and Watanabe T (1991) Identification of 81-hydroxy-chlorophyll a as a functional reaction center pigment in heliobacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1058:356–362
van de Meent EJ, Kobayashi M, Erkelens C, Van Veelen PA, Otte SCM, Inoue K, Watanabe T and Amesz J (1992) The nature of the primary electron acceptor in green sulfur bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1102:371–378
van Gorkom HJ (1974) Identification of the reduces primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II as a bound semiquinone anion. Biochim Biophys Acta 347:439–442
Wakao N, Yokoi N, Isoyama N, Hiraishi A, Shimada K, Kobayashi M, Kise H, Iwaki M, Itoh S, Takaichi S and Sakurai Y (1996) Discovery of natural photosynthesis using Zn-containing bacteriochlorophyllin an aerobic bacterium Acidiphilium rubrum. Plant Cell Physiol 37:889–893
Wakao N, Hiraishi A, Shimada K, Kobayashi M, Takaichi S, Iwaki M and Itoh S (1999) Discovery, characteristics, and distribution of Zinc-BChl in aerobic acidophilic bacteria including Acidiphilium species and other related acidophilic bacteria. In: Peschek GA, Loffelhardt W and Schmetterer G (eds) The Phototrophic Prokaryotes, pp 745–750. Plenum Publishing Co., New York
Wasielewski MR, Norris JR, Shipman LL, Lin C-P and Svec WA (1981) Monomeric chlorophyll a enol: Evidence for its possible role as the primary electron donor in Photosystem I of plant photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:2957–2961
Watanabe T and Kobayashi M (1991) Electrochemistry of chlorophylls. In: Scheer H (ed) Chlorophylls, pp 287–315. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Watanabe T, Machida K, Suzuki H, Kobayashi M and Honda K (1985a) Photoelectrochemistry of chlorophylls. Coord Chem Rev 64:207–224
Watanabe T, Nakazato M, Mazaki H, Hongu A, Konno M, Saitoh S and Honda K (1985b) Chlorophyll a epimer and pheophytin a in green leaves. Biochim Biophys Acta 807:110–117
Webber AN and Lubitz W (2001) P700: The primary electron donor of Photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1507:61–79
Witt HT, Rumberg B, Schmidt-Mende P, Siggel U, Skerra B, Vater J and Weikard J (1965) Angew Chem (Intern Ed) 4:799
Wu SM and Rebeiz CA (1985) Chloroplast biogenesis. Molecular structure of chlorophyll b (E489 F666). J Biol Chem 206:3632–3634
Wu SM, Mayasich, JM and Rebeiz CA (1989) Chloroplast biogenesis: Quantitative determination of monovinyl and divinyl chlorophyll(ide) a and b by spectrofluorometry. Anal Biochem 178:294–300
Xiong J, Fischer WM, Inoue K, Nakahara M and Bauer CE (2000) Molecular evidence for the early evolution of photosynthesis. Science 289:1724–1730
Yamamura M, Kobayashi M, Inoue K, Kara M, Wakao N, Kano H, Watanabe T, Akiyama M and Kise H (1998) Acidiphilium rubrum and zinc-bacteriochlorophyll, part 3: High resistance of zinc-bacteriochlorophyll a to acid. In: Garab G (ed) Photosynthesis: Mechanism and Effects, Vol 2, pp 739–742. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kobayashi, M., Akiyama, M., Kise, H., Watanabe, T. (2006). Unusual Tetrapyrrole Pigments of Photosynthetic Antennae and Reaction Centers: Specially-tailored Chlorophylls. In: Grimm, B., Porra, R.J., Rüdiger, W., Scheer, H. (eds) Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 25. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4516-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4516-6_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-4515-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4516-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)