Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Ocean Weather Forecasting pp 397–411Cite as

The Forecasting Ocean Assimilation Model (Foam) System

  • Chapter

Abstract

We present a detailed technical description of the present FOAM system and discuss some representative examples of the scientific investigations we undertake to track-down problems within the system and to understand the importance (“impact”) of the various inputs to it. We also provide an historical perspective on the development of the system and the changing demands for it, and describe the way in which we are adapting to meet these demands.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alves, J. O. S., M. J. Bell, N. P. J. Brooks, A. L. Cooper, S. J. Foreman, R. M. Forbes, and C. G. Sherlock, 1995: Performance review of the prototype FOAM system. Forecasting Research Division Technical Report 159. Available from Met Office, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartner, A. and E. Reichel, 1975: The world water balance. Mean annual global, continental and maritime precipitation, evaporation and run-off. 179 pp. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. J., 1994: Results from initial experiments with the assimilation of thermal profiles into a dynamical model of the Atlantic Ocean. Forecasting Research Division Technical Report Tech Rep 98. Available from Met Office, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. J., R. M. Forbes, and A. Hines, 2000a: Assessment of the FOAM global data assimilation system for real-time operational ocean forecasting. J. Mar. Sys., 25, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. J., T. Allen, J. O. S. Alves, and A. Hines 2000b: The FOAM system and the use of satellite information. Proceedings of SAF Training Workshop, Ocean and Sea Ice. EUMETSAT Hosted by Meteo-France, Perros-Guirec, France 30 November–2 December 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. J., A. Hines, and M. J. Martin, 2003: Variational assimilation evolving individual observations and their error estimates. Ocean Applications Tech Note 32. Available from Met Office, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. J., M. J. Martin, and N. K. Nichols, 2004: Assimilation of data into an ocean model with systematic errors near the equator. Quart. J. Roy. Metero. Soc., 130, 853–871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bratseth, A. M., 1986: Statistical interpolation by means of successive corrections. Tellus, 38A, 439–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. A., and K. A. Campana, 1978: An economical time-differencing system for numerical weather prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1125–1135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, K., 1969: A numerical study of the circulation of the world ocean. J. Comp. Phys., 4, 347–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, K., S. Manabe, and R. C. Pacanowski, 1975: A global ocean-atmosphere climate model. Part II: the ocean circulation. J. Phys. Ocean. 5, 30–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chassignet, E. P. and Garraffo, Z. D., 2001: Viscosity parameterization and the Gulf Stream separation”. In “From Stirring to Mixing in a Stratified Ocean”. Proceedings ‘Aha Huliko’a Hawaiian Winter Workshop. U. of Hawaii. January 15–19, Eds. P. Muller and D. Henderson., 37–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M., and K. Haines, 1996: Altimetric assimilation with water property conservation. J. Geophys. Res., 101, C1, 1059–1077.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, M. D., 1984: A primitive equation, 3-dimensional model of the ocean. GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. No. 1, Princeton, New Jersey, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, H. C., 1983: Limitations of some common lateral boundary schemes used in regional NWP models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1002–1012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. E., R. de Szoeke and P. Niiler, 1981: Variability in the upper ocean during MILE. Part II. Modelling the mixed layer response. Deep-Sea Res., 28A, 1453–1475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, R. M., 1996: Initial results from experiments assimilating satellite altimeter sea surface height data into a tropical Pacific ocean model. Ocean Applications Technical Note 12. Available from Ocean Applications, Met Office, Bracknell, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, C., Cooper, C., Senior, C. A., Banks, H., Gregory, J. M., Johns, T. C., Mitchell, J. F.B. and Wood, R.A., 2000: The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Climate Dynamics, 16, 147–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffies, S. M., A. Gnanadesikan, R. C. Pacanowski, V. D. Larichev, J. K. Dukowicz, and R. D. Smith, 1998: Isoneutral diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 805–830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hibler, W. D. III, 1979: A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model. J. Phys. Oceanog., 9,815–846.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, W. R., J. C. Chow and F. O. Bryan, 1998: Application of a third-order upwind scheme in the NCAR ocean model. J. Climate, 11, 1487–1493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huddleston M. R., M. J. Bell, M. J. Martin, and N. K. Nichols, 2004: Assessment of wind stress errors using bias corrected ocean data assimilation. Quart. J. Roy. Meterol. Soc., 130, 853–871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunke, E. C., and J. K. Dukowicz, 1997: An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1849–1867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingleby, B., and M. R. Huddleston, 2004: Quality control of ocean profiles — historical and real-time data. To be submitted to J. Mar. Sys.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, E. B., and Turner, J., 1967: A one dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline. II The general theory and its consequences. Tellus, 19, 98106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys. 32,4, 363–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitus, S., T. P. Boyer, M. E. Conkright, T. O’Brien, J. Antonov, C. Stephens, L. Stathoplos, D. Johnson, and R. Gelfeld, 1998: World Ocean Database 1998. Volume 1: Introduction. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 18, 346 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipscomb, W. H,. 2001: Remapping the thickness distribution in sea ice models. J. Geophys. Res., 106,C7, 13,989–14,000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenc, A. C., Bell, R. S. and MacPherson, B., 1991: The Meteorological Office analysis correction data assimilation scheme. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 5989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, M. J., M. J. Bell, and A. Hines, 2002: Estimation of three-dimensional error covariance statistics for an ocean assimilation system. Ocean Applications Technical Note 30. Available from Met Office, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, 1997: Lateral boundary conditions for operational regional forecast models: a review. HIRLAM Tech. Report, 32, HIRLAM-5 Project, c/o Per Unden, SMHI, S-601 76 Norrkoping, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacanowski R. C., and A. Gnanadesikan, 1998: Transient response in a z-level ocean model that seolves topography with partial ceslls. Mon. Weath. Rev., 126, 3248–3270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pacanowski, R. C., and S. M. Griffies, 1999: MOM Manual 3.0. Draft version. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA. [Available from GFDL, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08542.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacanowski, R. C., and S. G. H. Philander, 1981: Parametrisation of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1,443–1,451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmstorf, S., 1993: A fast and complete convection scheme for ocean models. Ocean Modelling, 101, 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramseier, R. O, I. G. Runbinstein, and A. F. Davies, 1988: Operational evaluation of special sensor microwave/imager. North York, Ont., York University. Centre for Research in Experimental Space Science. Atmospheric Environment Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roether, W., V. M. Roussenov, and R. Well, 1994: A tracer study of the thermohaline circulation of the eastern Mediterranean. In Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Robinson, A. R., (eds) Ocean processes in climate dynamics: global and Mediterranean example. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, 371–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semtner, A. J. Jr., 1976: A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 379–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W. H. F., and Sandwell, D.T., 1997: Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science, 277, 1956–1962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storkey D., 2004: Initial tuning of FOAM high-resolution models. Ocean Applications Tech. Note, 34. Available from Met Office, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troccoli A., and K. Haines, 1999: Use of temperature-salinity relation in a data assimilation context. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 2011–2025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S. R., 1996: Sills of the global ocean: a compilation, http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/JRD/OCCAM/sills.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, D. J., 1995: The vertical advection of momentum in Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanog., 25, 3186–3194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Met Office, Exeter, UK

    Michael J. Bell, Rosa Barciela, Adrian Hines, Matt Martin, Alistair Sellar & David Storkey

Authors
  1. Michael J. Bell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rosa Barciela
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Adrian Hines
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Matt Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alistair Sellar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. David Storkey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Miami, USA

    Eric P. Chassignet

  2. LEGI, CNRS, Grenoble, France

    Jacques Verron

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bell, M.J., Barciela, R., Hines, A., Martin, M., Sellar, A., Storkey, D. (2006). The Forecasting Ocean Assimilation Model (Foam) System. In: Chassignet, E.P., Verron, J. (eds) Ocean Weather Forecasting. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4028-8_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation