Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Immune Escape

Tumor induced immune suppression and immune escape: Mechanisms and Possible Solutions

  • Chapter
Analyzing T Cell Responses

Abstract

It has been a general experience that results of immunomonitoring of patients with malignant disease treated with active specific immunotherapy have poor, if any, predictive value. Furthermore, lack of clinical response and/or recurrence of disease in spite of induction and/or persistence of tumor antigen (TA)-specific immune responses appears to be the rule more than the exception in clinical trials. These disappointing results are likely to be caused, at least in part, by tumor cells’ ability to evade immune recognition and destruction. In this paper after a description of the essential components required to generate an effective TA-specific T cell-based immune response, we have reviewed the potential mechanisms underlying the lack of correlation between immunological and clinical response in immunized patients. They include qualitative and/or quantitative defects in the generation and maintenance of TA-specific immune responses, changes in the antigenic profile of tumor cells because of their genetic instability and/or the potential negative impact of the tumor microenvironment on the interaction between host immune cells and tumor cells. Lastly, we have discussed potential strategies to overcome immune escape mechanisms utilized by tumor cells and improve the outcome of T cell-based immunotherapy in patients with malignant disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fojo T., Bates S. Strategies for reversing drug resistance. Oncogene 2003; 22:7512–7523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Pommier Y., Sordet O., Antony S., Hayward R.L., Kohn K.W. Apoptosis defects and chemotherapy resistance: molecular interaction maps and networks. Oncogene 2004;23:2934–2949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Renkvist N., Castelli C., Robbins P.F., Parmiani G. A listing of human tumor antigens recognized by T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2001; 50:51–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Stevanovic S. Identification of tumour-associated T-cell epitopes for vaccine development. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2:514–520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Mocellin S., Mandruzzato S., Bronte V., Lise M., Nitti D. Part I: Vaccines for solid tumours. Lancet Oncol 2004; 5:681–689.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Milstein C., Waldmann H. Optimism after much pessimism: what next? Curr Opin Immunol 1999; 11:589–591.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bremers A.J., Parmiani G. Immunology and immunotherapy of human cancer: present concepts and clinical developments. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2000; 34:1–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Naftzger C., Takechi Y., Kohda H., Hara I., Vivjayasaradhi S., Houghton A.N. Immune response to a differentiation antigen induced by altered antigen: a study of tumor rejection and autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:14809–14814.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Egen J.G., Kuhns M.S., Allison J.P. CTLA-4: new insights into its biological function and use in tumor immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:611–618.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Jakobisiak M., Lasek W., Golab J. Natural mechanisms protecting against cancer. Immunol Lett 2003; 90:103–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Foster A.E., Forrester K., Li Y.C., Gottlieb D.J. Ex-vivo uses and applications of cytokines for adoptive immunotherapy in cancer. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2004;10:1207–1220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu M., Acres B., Balloul J.M., Bizouarne N., Paul S., Slos P., Squiban P. Gene-based vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;1012:14567–14571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Trikha M., Yan L., Nakada M.T. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics in oncology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2002; 13:609–614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Parmiani G., Castelli C., Dalerba P., Mortarini R., Rivoltini L., Marincola F.M., Anichini A. Cancer immunotherapy with peptide-based vaccines: what have we achieved? Where are we going? J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:805–818.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Durrant L.G., Spendlove I. Cancer vaccines entering Phase III clinical trials. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2003; 8:489–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Berzofsky J.A., Ahlers J.D., Janik J., Morris J., Oh S., Terabe M., Belyakov I.M. Progress on new vaccine strategies against chronic viral infections. J Clin Invest 2004;114:450–462.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Takahashi M. Effectiveness of live varicella vaccine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2004;4:199–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tjalma W.A., Arbyn M., Paavonen J., van Waes T.R., Bogers J.J. Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines: the beginning of the end of cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14:751–761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sogn J.A. Tumor immunology: The glass is half full. Immunity 1998; 9:757–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Marincola F.M., Jaffee E.M., Hicklin D.J., Ferrone S. Escape of human solid tumors from T-cell recognition: molecular mechanisms and functional significance. Adv Immunol 2000; 74:181–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ferrone S. (guest ed.). Tumour immune escape. Semin Cancer Biol 2002; 12:1–86,403–405.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Khong H.T., Restifo N.P. Natural selection of tumor variants in the generation of “tumor escape” phenotypes. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:999–1005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Whiteside T.L. Apoptosis of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and peripheral circulation of patients with cancer: implications for immunotherapy. Vaccine 2002; 20Suppl 4:A46–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Onyango P. Genomics and cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2002; 14:79–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Henderson R.A., Finn O.J. Human tumor antigens are ready to fly. Adv Immunol 1996; 62:217–256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hoffmann T.K., Donnenberg A.D., Finkelstein S.D., Donnenberg V.S., Friebe-Hoffmann F., Myers E.N., Appella E., DeLeo A.B., Whiteside T.L. Frequencies of tetramer+ T cells specific for the wild-type sequence p53264–272 peptide in the circulations of patients with head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 3521–3529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Valmori D., Dutoit V., Lienard D., Lejeune F., et al. Tetramer-guided analysis of TCR beta-chain usage reveals a large repertoire of melan A-specific CD8+ T cells in melanoma patients. J Immunol 2000; 165: 533–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Whiteside T.L., Herberman R.B. Role of natural killer cells in immune surveillance of cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 1995; 7:704–710.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Yewdell J. (guest ed.). Generating peptide ligands for MHC class I molecules. Mol Immunol 2002; 39:125–261.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Heath W.R., Carbone F.R. Cross-presentation, dendritic cells, tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19:47–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Li Z., Menoret A., Srivastava P. Roles of heat-shock proteins in antigen presentation and cross-presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:45–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Thery C., Amigorena S. The cell biology of antigen presentation in dendritic cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13:45–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cooper M.A., Fehniger T.A., Fuchs A., Colonna M., Caligiuri M.A. NK cell and DC interactions. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:47–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Foti M., Granucci F., Ricciardi-Castagnoli P. A central role for tissue-resident dendritic cells in innate responses. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:650–654.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ikeda H., Chamoto K., Tsuji T., Suzuki Y., Wakita D., Takeshima T., Nishimura T. The critical role of type-1 innate and acquired immunity in tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:697–703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Raulet D.H. Interplay of natural killer cells and their receptors with the adaptive immune response. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:996–1002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Jego G., Pascual V., Palucka A.K., Banchereau J. Dendritic cells control B cell growth and differentiation. Curr Dir Autoimmun 2005; 8:124–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Liu. Y.J. Dendritic cell subsets and lineages and their functions in innate and adaptive immunity. Cell 2001; 106: 259–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Curiel T.J., Wei S., Dong H., Alvarez X., et al. Blockade of B7-H1 improves myeloid dendritic cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Nat. Med. 2003; 9:562–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Creusot R.J., Mitchison N.A. How DCs control cross-regulation between lymphocytes. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:126–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Heath W.R., Belz G.T., Behrens G.M., Smith C.M., Forehan SP., Parish I.A., Davey G.M., Wilson N.S., Carbone F.R., Villadangos J.A. Cross-presentation, dendritic cell subsets, and the generation of immunity to cellular antigens. Immunol Rev 2004; 199:9–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mazzoni A., Segal D.M. Controlling the Toll road to dendritic cell polarization. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75:721–730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Colombo M.P., Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 in anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002; 13:155–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Barry M., Bleackley R.C. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes: all roads lead to death. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2:401–409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Coffman R.L., Mocci S., Ogarra A. The stability and reversibility of Th1 and Th2 populations. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999; 238:1–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Tatsumi, T., Kierstead L.S., Ranieri E., Gesualdo L., Schena F.P., Finke J.H., Bukowski R.M., Mueller-Berghaus J., Kirkwood J.M., Kwok W.W., Storkus W.J. Disease-associated bias in Th1/Th2 CD4+ T cell responses against MAGE-6 in HLA-DRβ1* 0401+ patients with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. J Exp Med 2002; 196:619–628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Pulendran B. Modulating TH1/TH2 responses with microbes, dendritic cells, and pathogen recognition receptors. Immunol Res 2004; 29:187–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Witz I.P. Presence and functions of immune components in the tumor microenvironment. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001; 495:317–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lin E.Y., Pollard J.W. Role of infiltrated leucocytes in tumour growth and spread. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:2053–2058.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Whiteside T.L. Signaling defects in T lymphocytes of patients with malignancy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1999; 48:346–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Whiteside T.L. Down-regulation of zeta-chain expression in T cells: a biomarker of prognosis in cancer? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:865–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Shurin M.R., Lu L., Kalinski P., Stewart-Akers A.M., Lotze M.T. Th1/Th2 balance in cancer, transplantation and pregnancy. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1999;21:339–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Yamaguchi Y., Ohshita A., Kawabuchi Y., Ohta K., Shimizu K., Minami K., Hihara J., Miyahara E., Toge T. Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer using activated autologous lymphocytes—current status and new strategies. Hum Cell 2003; 16:183–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Mizoguchi H., O’shea J.J., Longo D.L., Loeffler C.M., McVicar D.W., Ochoa A. Alterations in signal transduction molecules in T lymphocytes from tumor bearing mice. Science 1992; 258:1795–1798.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Finke J.H., Zea A.H., Stanley J., Longo D.L., Mizoguchi H., Tubbs R.R., Wiltrout R.H., O’shea J.J., Kudoh S., Klein E., Bukowski R.M., Ochoa A. Loss of T-cell receptor ξ chain and p56lck in T-cell infiltrating human renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993;53:5613–5616.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Li X., Liu J., Park J.K., Hamilton T.A., Rayman P., Klein E., Edinger M., Tubbs R.R., Bukowski R., Finke J. T cells from renal cell carcinoma patients exhibit an abnormal pattern of NFκB specific DNA binding activity. Cancer Res 1994; 54:5424–5429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Bukowski R.M., Rayman P., Uzzo R., Bloom T., Sandstrom K., Peereboom D., Olencki T., Budd G.T., McLain D., Elson P., Novick A., Finke J.H. Signal transduction abnormalities in T lymphocytes from patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: clinical relevance and effects of cytokine therapy. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4:2337–2347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Uzzo R.G., Clark P.E., Rayman P., Bloom T., Rybicki L., Novick A., Bukowski R., Finke J. Evidence that tumor inhibits NFκB activation in T lymphocytes of patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:718–721.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Uzzo R., Rayman P., Kolenko V., Clark P.E., Cathcart M.K., Bloom T., Novick A.C., Bukowski R.M., Hamilton T., Finke J.H. Renal cell carcinoma-derived gangliosides suppress nuclear factor-κB activation in T cells. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:769–776.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Reichert T.E., Rabinowich H., Johnson J.T., Whiteside T.L. Human immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: mechanisms responsible for signaling and functional defects. J Immunother 1998; 21:295–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kuss I., Saito T., Johnson J.T., Whiteside T.L. Clinical significance of decreased zeta chain expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:329–334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kurt R.A., Urba W.J., Smith J.W., Schoof D.D. Peripheral T lymphocytes from women with breast cancer exhibit abnormal protein expression of several signaling molecules. Int J Cancer 1998; 78:16–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Nakagomi H., Petersson M., Magnusson I., Juhlin C., Matsuda M., Mellstedt H., Taupin J.L, Vivier E., Anderson P., Kiessling R. Decreased expression of the signal-transducing ξ chains in tumor-infiltrating T-cell and NK cells of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993; 53:5610–5612.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Matsuda M., Petersson M., Lenkei R., Raupin J.L., Magnusson I., Mellstedt H., Anderson P., Kiessling R. Alterations in the signal-transducing molecules of T cells and NK cells in colorectal tumor-infiltrating gut mucosal and peripheral lymphocytes: correlation with the stage of the disease. Int J Cancer 1995; 61:765–772.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Finke J.H., Zea A.H., Stanley J., Longo D.L., Mizoguchi H., Tubbs R.R., Wiltrout R.H., O’shea J.J., Kudoh S., Klein E., Bukowski R.M., Ochoa A. Loss of T-cell receptor ξ chain and p56lck in T-cell infiltrating human renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993;53:5613–5616.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Li X., Liu J., Park J.K., Hamilton T.A., Rayman P., Klein E., Edinger M., Tubbs R.R., Bukowski R., Finke J. T cells from renal cell carcinoma patients exhibit an abnormal pattern of NFκBspecific DNA binding activity. Cancer Res 1994; 54:5424–5429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lai P., Rabinowich H., Crowley-Nowick P.A., Bell M.C., Mantovani G., Whiteside T.L. Alterations in expression and function of signal transduction proteins in tumor associated NK and T lymphocytes from patients with ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2:161–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. de Gruijl T.D., Bontkes H.J., Peccatori F., Gallee M.P., Helmerhorst T.J., Verheijen R.H., Aarbiou J., Mulder W.M., Walboomers J.M., Meijer C.J., van de Vange N., Scheper R.J. Expression of CD3-zeta on T-cells in primary cervical carcinoma and in metastasis-positive and-negative pelvic lymph nodes. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:1127–1132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kono K., Ressing M.E., Brandt R.M., Melief C.J., Potkul R.K., Andersson B., Petersson M., Kast W.M., Kiessling R. Decreased expression of signal-transducing zeta chain in peripheral T cells and natural killer cells in patients with cervical cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2:1825–1828.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Meidenbauer N., Gooding W., Spitler L., Whiteside T.L. Recovery of ξ chain expression and changes in spontaneous IL-10 production after PSA-based vaccines in patients with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:168–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Wang Q., Stanley J., Kudoh S., Myles J., Kolenko V., Yi T., Tubbs R., Bukowski R., Finke J. T cells infiltrating non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphomas show altered tyrosine phosphorylation pattern even though T cell receptor/CD3-associated kinases are present. J Immunol 1995; 155:1382–1392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Frydecka I., Kaczmarek P., Bocko D., Kosmaczewska A., Morilla R., Catovsky D. Expression of signal-transducing zeta chain in peripheral blood T cells and natural killer cells in patients with Hodgkin’s disease in different phases of the disease. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 35:545–554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Zea A.H., Cutri B.D., Longo D.L., Alvord W.G., Strobl S.L., Mizoguchi H., Creekmore S.P., O’shea J.J., Powers G.C., Urba W.J., Ochoa A.C. Alterations in T cell receptor and signal transduction molecules in melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 1995;1:1327–1335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rabinowich H., Banks M., Reichert T., Logan T.F., Kirkwood J.M., Whiteside T.L. Expression and activity of signaling molecules in T lymphocytes obtained from patients with metastatic melanoma before and after IL-2 therapy. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:1263–1274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Reichert T.E., Strauss L., Wagner E.M., Gooding W., Whiteside T.L. Signaling abnormalities and reduced proliferation of circulating and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with oral carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8:3137–3145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bauernhofer T., Kuss I., Henderson B., Baum A.S., Whiteside T.L. Preferential apoptosis of CD56dim natural killer cell subset in patients with cancer. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:119–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kolenko V., Wang Q., Riedy M.C., O’shea J., Ritz J., Cathcart M.K., Rayman P., Tubbs R., Edinger M., Novick A., Bukowski R., Finke J. Tumor-induced suppression of T lymphocyte proliferation coincides with inhibition of Jak3 expression and IL-2 receptor signaling: role of soluble products from human renal cell carcinomas. J Immunol 1997; 159:3057–3067.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Reichert T.E., Day R., Wagner E., Whiteside T.L. Absent or low expression of the ξ chain in T cells at the tumor site correlates with poor survival in patients with oral carcinoma. Cancer Res 1998; 58:5344–5347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kuss I., Rabinowich H., Gooding W., Edwards R., Whiteside T.L. Expression of ξ in T cells prior to IL-2 therapy as a predictor of response and survival in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2002; 17:631–640.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Yang L., Carbone D.P. Tumor-host immune interactions and dendritic cell dysfunction. Adv Cancer Res 2004; 92:13–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Mantovani A., Allavena P., Sozzani S., Vecchi A., Locati M., Sica A. Chemokines in the recruitment and shaping of the leukocyte infiltrate of tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2004; 14:155–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mantovani A., Bottazzi B., Colotta F., Sozzani S., Ruco L. The origin and function of tumor-associated macrophages. Immunol Today 1992; 13:265–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Whiteside T.L., Rabinowich H. The role of Fas/FasL in immunosuppression induced by human tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1998; 46:175–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Andreola G., Rivoltini L., Castelli C., Huber V., Perego P., Deho P., Squarcina P., Accornero P., Lozupone F., Lugini L., Stringaro A., Molinari A., Arancia G., Gentile M., Parmiani G., Fais S. Induction of lymphocyte apoptosis by tumor cell secretion of FasL-bearing microvesicles. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1303–1316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Abrahams V.M., Straszewski S.L., Kamsteeg M., Hanczaruk B., Schwartz P.E., Rutherford T.J., Mor G. Epithelial ovarian cancer cells secrete Fas ligand. Cancer Res 2003; 63:5573–5581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Taylor D.D., Gercel-Taylor C., Lyons K.S., Stanson J., Whiteside T.L. T-cell apoptosis and suppression of T-cell receptor/CD3-ξ by Fas Ligand-containing membrane vesicles shed from ovarian tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:5113–5119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Medema J.P., de Jong J., van Hall T., Melief C.J., Offringa R. Immune escape of tumors in vivo by expression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein. J Exp Med 1999;190:1033–1038.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. McKallip R., Li R., Ladisch S. Tumor gangliosides inhibit the tumor-specific immune response. J Immunol 1999; 163:3718–3726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Singh R.K., Varney M.L. IL-8 expression in malignant melanoma: implications in growth and metastasis. Histol Histopathol 2000; 15:843–849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Rivoltini L., Carrabba M., Huber V., Castelli C., Novellino L., Dalerba P., Mortarini R., Arancia G., Anichini A., Fais S., Parmiani G. Immunity to cancer: attack and escape in T lymphocyte-tumor cell interaction. Immunol Rev 2002; 188:97–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Groh V., Wu J., Yee C., Spies T. Tumour-derived soluble MIC ligands impair expression of NKG2D and T-cell activation. Nature 2002; 419:734–738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Doubrovina E.S., Doubrovin M.M., Vider E., Sisson R.B., O’Reilly R.J., Dupont B. Vyas, Y. M. Evasion from NK cell immunity by MHC class I chain-related molecules expressing colon adenocarcinoma. J Immunol 2003; 171, 6891–6899.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Wu J.D., Higgins L.M., Steinle A., Cosman D., Haugk K., Plymate S.R. Prevalent expression of the immunostimulatory MHC class I chain-related molecule is counteracted by shedding in prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2004; 114, 560–568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Streit M., Detmar M. Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and melanoma metastasis. Oncogene 2003; 22:3172–3179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hoffmann T.K., Dworacki G., Meidenbauer N., Gooding W., Johnson J.T., Whiteside T.L. Spontaneous apoptosis of circulating T lymphocytes in patients with head and neck cancer and its clinical importance. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8:2553–2562.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Saito, T., Dworacki, G., Gooding, W., Lotze, M.T., Whiteside, T.L. Spontaneous apoptosis of CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with advanced melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:1351–1364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kuss I., Godfrey T.E., Donnenberg A.D., Whiteside T.L. Low levels of T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) and pancity of naĂŻve T cells in the circulation of patients with cancer suggest a rapid lymphocyte turnover within the memory compartment. AACR Proc 2002; 43:278.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Zippelius A., Pittet M.J., Batard P., Rufer N., de Smedt M., Guillaume P., Ellefsen K., Valmore D., Lienard D., Plum J., MacDonald, H.R., Speiser D.E., Cerottini J.C., Romero P. Thymic selection generates a large T cell pool recognizing a self-peptide in humans. J Exp Med 2002; 195:485–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Van Parijs L., Ibrahimov A., Abbas A.K. The roles of costimulation and Fas in T cell apoptosis and peripheral tolerance. Immunity 1996; 93:951–955.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Maher S., Toomey D., Condron C., Bouchier-Hayes D. Activation-induced cell death: the controversial role of Fas and Fas ligand in immune privilege and tumour counterattack. Immunol Cell Biol 2002; 80:131–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Green D.R., Droin N., Pinkoski M. Activation-induced cell death in T cells. Immunol Rev 2003; 193:70–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Krueger A., Fas S.C., Baumann S., Krammer P.H. The role of CD95 in the regulation of peripheral T-cell apoptosis. Immunol Rev 2003; 193:58–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Vitolo D., Zerbe T., Kanbour A., Dahl C., Herberman R.B., Whiteside T.L. Expression of mRNA for cytokines in tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells in ovarian adenocarcinoma and invasive breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1992; 51:573–580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Rabinowich H., Suminami Y., Reichert T.E., Crowley-Nowick P., Bell M., Edwards R., Whiteside T.L. Expression of cytokine genes or proteins and signaling molecules in lymphocytes associated with human ovarian carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1996; 68:276–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Lopez C.B., Rao T.D., Feiner H., Shapiro R., Marks J.R., Frey A.B. Repression of interleukin-2 mRNA translation in primary human breast carcinoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 1998; 190:141–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Shurin M.R., Esche C., Lokshin A., Lotze M.T. Tumors induce apoptosis of dendritic cells in vitro. J Immunother 1997; 20:403.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Shurin M.R., Gabrilovich D.I. Regulation of dendritic cell system by tumor. Cancer Res Therapy and Control 2001; 11:65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Aalamian M., Pirtskhalaishvili G., Nunez A., Esche C., Shurin G.V., Huland E., Huland H., Shurin M.R. Human prostate cancer inhibits maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Prostate 2001; 46:68–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Katsenelson N.S., Shurin G.V., Bykovskaia S.N., Shogan J., Shurin M.R. Human small cell lung carcinoma and carcinoid tumor regulate dendritic cell maturation and function. Modern Path 2001; 14:40–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Shurin G.V., Shurin M.R., Lotze M.T., Barksdale E.M. Gangliosides mediate neuroblastoma-induced inhibition of dendritic cell generation. Cancer Res 2001; 61:363–369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Gabrilovich D.I. Mechanisms and functional significance of tumor-induced dendritic cell differentiation in cancer. Nat Med 2004; 4:941–952.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Pirtskhalaishvili G., Shurin G.V., Esche C., Salup R.R., Lotze M.T., Shurin M.R. Cytokine-mediated protection of human dendritic cells from prostate cancer-induced apoptosis is regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:506–513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Esche C., Shurin G.V., Kirkwood J.M., Wang G.Q., Rabinowich H., Pirtskhalaishvili G., Shurin M.R. TNF-α-promoted expression of Bcl-2 and inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release mediated resistance of mature dendritic cells to melanoma-induced apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7:974s–979s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Pirtskhalaishvili G., Gambotto A., Esche C., Yurkovetsky Z.R., Lotze M.T., Shurin M.R. IL-12 and Bcl-xl gene transfection of murine dendritic cells protects them from prostate cancer-induced apoptosis and improves their antitumor activity. J Urol 2000; 163:105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Terabe M., Matsui S., Park J.M., Mamura M., Noben-Trauth N., Donaldson D.D., Chen W., Wahl S.M., Ledbetter S., Pratt B., Letterio J.J., Paul W.E., Berzofsky J.A. Transforming growth factor-beta production and myeloid cells are an effector mechanism through which CD1d-restricted T cells block cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated tumor immunosurveillance: abrogation prevents tumor recurrence. J Exp Med 2003; 198:1741–1752.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Serafini P., De Santo C., Marigo I., Cingarlini S., Dolcetti L., Gallina G., Zanovello P., Bronte V. Derangement of immune responses by myeloid suppressor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:64–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Shevach E.M. Regulatory T cells in autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 18:423–449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Curiel T.J., Coukos G., Zou L., et al. Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat Med 2004; 10:942–949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Gallimore A., Sakaguchi S. Regulation of tumour immunity by CD25+ T cells. Immunology 2002; 107:5–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Slingluff C.L. Jr., Colella T.A., Thompson L., Graham D.D., Skipper J.C., Caldwell J., Brinckerhoff L., Kittlesen D.J., Deacon D.H., Oei C. Melanomas with concordant loss of multiple melanocytic differentiation proteins: immune escape that may be overcome by targeting unique or undefined antigens. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2000; 48:661–672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Riker A., Cormier J., Panelli M., Kammula U., Wang E., Abati A., Fetsch P., Lee K.H., Steinberg S., Rosenberg S. Immune selection after antigen-specific immunotherapy of melanoma. Surgery 1999; 126:112–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Saleh F.H., Crotty K.A., Hersey P., Menzies S.W., Rahman W. Autonomous histopathological regression of primary tumours associated with specific immune responses to cancer antigens. J Pathol 2003; 200:383–395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Schmollinger J.C., Vonderheide R.H., Hoar K.M., Maecker B., Schultze J.L., Hodi F.S., Soiffer R.J., Jung K., Kuroda M.J., Letvin N.L. Melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis protein (ML-IAP) is a target for immune-mediated tumor destruction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:3398–3403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Lozupone F., Rivoltini L., Luciani F., Venditti M., Lugini L., Cova A., Squarcina P., Parmiani G., Belardelli F., Fais S. Adoptive transfer of an anti-MART-1(27–35)-specific CD8+ T cell clone leads to immunoselection of human melanoma antigen-loss variants in SCID mice. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:556–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Adriance M.C., Gendler S.J. Downregulation of Muc1 in MMTV-c-Neu tumors. Oncogene 2004; 23:697–705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Hoffmann T.K., Nakano K., Elder E.M., Dworacki G., Finkelstein S.D., Appella E., Whiteside T..L, DeLeo A.B. Generation of T cells specific for the wild-type sequence p53(264–272) peptide in cancer patients: implications for immunoselection of epitope loss variants. J Immunol 2000; 165:5938–5944.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Francke U., Pellegrino M. A. Assignment of the major histocompatibility complex to a region of the short arm of human chromosome 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977; 74:1147–1151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Amiot L., Onno M., Lamy T., Dauriac C., Le Prise P.Y., Fauchet R., Drenou B. Loss of HLA molecules in B lymphomas is associated with an aggressive clinical course. Br J Haematol 1998; 100:655–663.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Wetzler M., Baer M.R., Stewart S.J., Donohue K., Ford L., Stewart C.C., Repasky E.A., Ferrone S. HLA class I antigen cell surface expression is preserved on acute myeloid leukemia blasts at diagnosis and at relapse. Leukemia 2001; 15:128–133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Drenou B., Le Friec G., Bernard M., Pangault C., Grosset J.M., Lamy T., Fauchet R., Amiot L. Major histocompatibility complex abnormalities in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Br J Haematol 2002; 119:417–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Lopez-Nevot M.A., Esteban F., Ferron A., Gutierrez J., Oliva M.R., Romero C., Huelin C., Ruiz-Cabello F., Garrido, F. HLA class I gene expression on human primary tumours and autologous metastases: demonstration of selective losses of HLA antigens on colorectal, gastric and laryngeal carcinomas. Br J Cancer 1989; 59:221–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Torres M.J., Ruiz-Cabello F., Skoudy A., Berrozpe G., Jimenez P., Serrano A., Real F.X., Garrido F. Loss of an HLA haplotype in pancreas cancer tissue and its corresponding tumor derived cell line. Tissue Antigens 1996; 47:372–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Scupoli M.T., Sartoris S., Tosi G., Ennas M.G., Nicolis M., Cestari T., Zamboni G., Martignoni G., Lemoine N.R., Scarpa A., Accolla R.S. Expression of MHC class I and class II antigens in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Tissue Antigens 1996; 48:301–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Cordon-Cardo C., Fuks Z., Drobnjak M., Moreno C., Eisenbach L., Feldman M. Expression of HLA-A,B,C antigens on primary and metastatic tumor cell populations of human carcinomas. Cancer Res 1991; 51:6372–6380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Cabrera T., Pedrajas G., Cozar J.M., Garrido A., Vicente J., Tallada M., Garrido F. HLA class I expression in bladder carcinomas. Tissue Antigens 2003; 62:324–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Le Y.S., Kim T.E., Kim B.K., Park Y.G., Kim G.M., Jee S.B., Ryu K.S., Kim I.K., Kim J.W. Alterations of HLA class I and class II antigen expressions in borderline, invasive and metastatic ovarian cancers. Exp Mol Med 2002; 34:18–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Vitale M., Pelusi G., Taroni B., Gobbi G., Micheloni C., Rezzani R., Donato F., Wang X., Ferrone S. HLA class I antigen downregulation in primary ovary carcinoma lesions. Association with disease. Clin Can Res 2005; 11:67–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Klein B., Klein T., Konichezky M., Nyska A., Livini E., Levine I., Zamir R., Kooperman O., Lurie H. The expression of HLA class I antigens in germ cell testicular cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 1990; 93:202–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Natali P.G., Viora M., Nicotra M.R., Giacomini P., Bigotti A., Ferrone S. Antigenic heterogeneity of skin tumors of nonmelanocyte origin: analysis with monoclonal antibodies to tumor-associated antigens and to histocompatibility antigens. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71:439–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Ruiz-Cabello F., Lopez Nevot M.A., Gutierrez J., Oliva M.R., Romero C., Ferron A., Esteban F., Huelin C., Piris M.A., Rivas C. Phenotypic expression of histocompatibility antigens in human primary tumours and metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 1989; 7:213–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kageshita T., Ono T., Hirai S., Yoshii A., Kimura T., Nakakuma H., Horikawa K., Takatsuki K., Ferrone S. Ganglioside, adhesion molecule, and HLA antigen expression in basal cell carcinoma lesions. Cancer Res 1992; 52:3201–3207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Fukusato T., Gerber M.A., Thung S.N., Ferrone S., Schaffner F. Expression of HLA class I antigens on hepatocytes in liver disease. Am J Pathol 1986; 123:264–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Kurokohchi K., Carrington M., Mann D.L., Simonis T.B., Alexander-Miller M.A., Feinstone S.M., Akatsuka T., Berzofsky J.A. Expression of HLA class I molecules and the transporter associated with antigen processing in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1996; 23:1181–1188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Bi Y., Zhang J., Hong Z., Huang J., Chen J., Wang X., Ferrone S. Association of HLA class I antigen expression in human hepatocellar carcinoma with improved prognosis. Tissue Antigens 2002; 2:105–106.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Kageshita T., Hirai S., Ono T., Hicklin D.J., Ferrone S. Downregulation of HLA class I antigen-processing molecules in malignant melanoma: association with disease progression. Am J Pathol 1999; 154:745–754.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Le Y. S., Kim T.E., Kim B.K., Park Y.G., Kim G.M., Jee S.B., Ryu K.S., Kim I. K., Kim J.W. Alterations of HLA class I and class II antigen expressions in borderline, invasive and metastatic ovarian cancers. Exp Mol Med 2002; 34:18–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Dammrich J., Muller-Hermelink H.K., Mattner A., Buchwald J., and Ziffer S. Histocompatibility antigen expression in pulmonary carcinomas as indication of differentiation and of special subtypes. Cancer 1990; 65:1942–1954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Yu Z., Restifo N.P. Cancer vaccines: progress reveals new complexities. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:289–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Bystryn J.C., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A., Oratz R., Shapiro R.L., Harris M.N., Roses D.F. Double-blind trial of a polyvalent, shed-antigen, melanoma vaccine. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7:1882–1887.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Belli F., Testori A., Rivoltini L., Maio M., Andreola G., Sertoli M.R., Gallino G., Piris A., Cattelan A., Lazzari I., Carrabba M., Scita G., Santantonio C., Pilla L., Tragni G., Lombardo C., Arienti F., Marchiano A., Queirolo P., Bertolini F., Cova A., Lamaj E., Ascani L., Camerini R., Corsi M., Cascinelli N., Lewis J.J., Srivastava P., Parmiani G. Vaccination of metastatic melanoma patients with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein gp96-peptide complexes: clinical and immunologic findings. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:4169–4180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Berd D. M-Vax: an autologous, hapten-modified vaccine for human cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2:335–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Ward S., Casey D., Labarthe M.C., Whelan M., Dalgleish A., Pandha H., Todryk S. Immunotherapeutic potential of whole tumour cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2002; 51:351–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Rivoltini L., Castelli C., Carrabba M., Mazzaferro V., Pilla L., Huber V., Coppa J., Gallino G., Scheibenbogen C., Squarcina P., Cova A., Camerini R., Lewis J.J., Srivastava P.K., Parmiani G. Human tumor-derived heat shock protein 96 mediates in vitro activation and in vivo expansion of melanoma-and colon carcinoma-specific T cells. J Immunol 2003; 171:3467–3474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Gilboa E. The makings of a tumor rejection antigen. Immunity 1999; 11:263–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Hoffmann T.K., Meidenbauer N., Muller-Berghaus J., Storkus W.J., Whiteside T.L. Proinflammatory cytokines and CD40 ligand enhanced cross-presentation and cross-priming capability of human dendritic cells internalizing apoptotic cancer cells. J Immunother 2001; 24:162–171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Hillman G.G., Kallinteris N.L., Lu X., Wang Y., Wright J.L., Li Y., Wu S., Forman J.D., Gulfo J.V., Humphreys R.E., Xu M. Turning tumor cells in situ into T-helper cell-stimulating, MHC class II tumor epitope-presenters: immuno-curing and immuno-consolidation. Cancer Treat Rev 2004; 30:281–290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Kim J.V., Latouche J.B., Riviere I., Sadelain M. The ABCs of artificial antigen presentation. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 22:403–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Ferlazzo G., Pack M., Thomas D., et al. Distinct roles of IL-12 and IL-15 in human natural killer cell activation by dendritic cells from secondary lymphoid organs. PNAS USA 2004; 101; 16606–16611.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Thornton M.V., Kudo D., Rayman P., Horton C., Tannenbaum C.S., Molto L., Cathcart M.K., Ng C., Paszkiewicz-Kozik E., Bukowski R., Finke J.H. Degradation of NFκB in T cells by gangliosides expressed on renal cell carcinomas. J Immunol 2004; 172:3480–3490.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Labeur M.S., Roters B., Pers B., Mehling A., Luger T.A., Schwarz T., Grabbe S. Generation of tumor immunity by bone marrow derived dendritic cells correlate with dendritic call maturation stage. J Immunol 1999; 62:68–175.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Mailliard R.B., Egawa S., Cai Q., Kalinska A., Bykovskaya S.N., Lotze M.T., Kapsenberg M..L, Storkus W.J., Kalinski P. Complementary dendritic cell-activating function of CD8+ and CD4+ cells: helper role of CD8+ T cells in the development of T helper type 1 responses. J Exp Med 2002; 195:473–483.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Tatsumi, T., Kierstead L.S., Ranieri E., Gesualdo L., Schena F.P., Finke J.H., Bukowski R.M., Mueller-Berghaus J., Kirkwood J.M., Kwok W.W., Storkus W.J. Disease-associated bias in Th1/Th2 CD4+ T cell responses against MAGE-6 in HLADRβ1*0401+ patients with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. J Exp Med 2002; 196:619–628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Mailliard R.B., Son Y.I., Redlinger R., Coates P.T., Giermasz A., Morel P.A., Storkus W.J., Kalinski P. Dendritic cells mediate NK cell help for Th1 and CTL responses: twosignal requirement for the induction of NK cell helper function. J Immunol 2003; 171:2366–2373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Selliah N., Shackelford J., Wang J.F., Traynor F., Yin J., Finkel T.H. T cell signaling and apoptosis in HIV disease. Immunol Res 2003; 27:247–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. O’Connell J., Bennett M.W., O’sullivan G.C., Collins J.K., Shanahan F. The Fas counterattack: a molecular mechanism of tumor immune privilege. Mol Medicine 1997; 3:294–300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. O’Connell J., O’sullivan G.C., Collins J.K., Shanahan F. The Fas counterattack: Fasmediated T cell killing by colon cancer cells expressing Fas ligand. J Exp Med 1996; 184:1075–1082.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Griffith T.S., Brunner S.M., Fletcher S.M., Green D.R., Ferguson T.A. Fas ligand-induced apoptosis as mechanism of immune privilege. Science 1995; 270:1189–1192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Green D.R., Ferguson T.A. The role of Fas ligand in immune privilege. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2:917–924.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Whiteside T.L. Immune Responses to malignancies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:S677–S686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Whiteside T.L. Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. In Cancer Immune Therapy: Current and Future Strategies. G. Stohler, P. Walden (eds) Wiley Weinheim pp 95–118, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Balkwill F. Cancer and the chemokine network. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2004; 4:540–550.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Balkwill F., Coussens L.M. Cancer and inflammatory link. Nature 2004; 431:405–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Smyth M.J., Swann J., Kelly J.M., et al. NκG2 D recognition and perforin effector function mediate effective cytokine immunotherapy of cancer. J Exp Med 2004; 200:1325–1335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Piali L., Fichtel A., Terpe H.J., Imhof B.A., Gisler R.H. Endothelial vascular adhesion molecule 1 expression is suppressed by melanoma and carcinoma. J Exp Med 1995; 181:811–816.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Uotila P. The role of cyclic AMP and oxygen intermediates in the inhibititon of cellular immunity in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1996; 43:1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Young M.R. Trials and tribulations of immunotherapy as a treatment option for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:375–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Rodriguez P.C., Quiceno D.G., Zabaleta J., Ortiz B., Zea A.H., Piazuelo M.B., Delgado A., Correa P., Brayer J., Sotomayor E.M., Antonia S., Ochoa J.B., Ochoa A.C. Arginase I production in the tumor microenvironment by mature myeloid cells inhibits T-cell receptor expression and antigen-specific T-cell responses. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5839–5849.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Grohmann U., Fallerino F., Pucetti P. Tolerance, DC and tryptophan: much ado about IDO. Trends Immunol 2003; 24:242–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Mocellin S., Marincola F., Rossi C.R., Nitti D., Lise M. The multifaceted relationship between IL-10 and adaptive immunity: putting together the pieces of a puzzle. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004; 15:61–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Vicari A.P., Trinchieri G. Interleukin-10 in viral diseases and cancer: exiting the labyrinth. Immunol Rev 2004; 202:223–236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Theresa L. Whiteside, Michael Campoli & Soldano Ferrone

  2. Roswell Park Cancer Institute and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, State, University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA

    Theresa L. Whiteside, Michael Campoli & Soldano Ferrone

Authors
  1. Theresa L. Whiteside
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael Campoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Soldano Ferrone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Dirk Nagorsen

  2. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    F.M. Marincola

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Whiteside, T.L., Campoli, M., Ferrone, S. (2005). Immune Escape. In: Nagorsen, D., Marincola, F. (eds) Analyzing T Cell Responses. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3623-X_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation