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Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation, and Environment pp 23–38Cite as

Future Perspectives†

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Part of the Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration book series (AIPH,volume 21)

Summary

The chloroplast-coded D1 protein of Photosystem II (PS II) is the major membrane protein synthesized within the plastid. It is involved in light-dependent electron transport, is a major target for photosynthesis herbicides and is universal to oxygenic phototrophs. The defining feature of D1 is its rapid turnover in spite of its being a structural component of the PS II reaction center core. Processing of nascent D1 precursor (33.5–34 kDa) occurs on unstacked stromal lamellae. The mature protein (32 kDa) then migrates to the grana where an initial scission occurs producing a 23 kDa N-terminal degradation fragment. Post-translational and reversible palmitoylation and phosphorylation accompany the protein along its life cycle. Both anabolism and catabolism of D1 are photoregulated, with synthesis coupled to phosphorylation but degradation coupled to PS II electron transport. Dephosphorylation of D1, in turn, is regulated by PS I excitation. Thus, the phosphorylation state of the protein is sensitive to the relative energy distribution between the two photosystems. Beyond redox regulation of D1 phosphorylation, an internal, circadian clock exerts overriding control. Two photosensitizers are involved in D1 degradation: chlorophyll pigments in the visible and far-red regions of the spectrum, and plastosemiquinone in the UV-B region. D1 degradation in visible light is a process only marginally overlapping with photoinhibition and overwhelmingly associated with fluences limiting for photosynthesis. Mixing physiological levels of visible and UV-B radiances leads to synergistic effects such that above a critical threshold of UV-B, the D1 as well as its sister protein, D2, both are targeted for accelerated degradation. These and other D1 protein studies, mainly carried out with intact Spirodela plants during the past 25 years in the authors’ laboratories, are presented in a historical perspective.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel

    Marvin Edelman

  2. Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705–2350, USA

    Autar K. Mattoo

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  1. Marvin Edelman
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, U.S.A

    Barbara Demmig-Adams (Dr) & William W. Adams III (Dr) (Dr) &  (Dr)

  2. Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A

    Autar K. Mattoo

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Edelman, M., Mattoo, A.K. (2008). Future Perspectives†. In: Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., Mattoo, A.K. (eds) Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation, and Environment. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3579-9_3

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