Skip to main content

Newton’s Path to Universal Gravitation: The Role of the Pendulum

  • Chapter
The Pendulum

Abstract

Much attention has been given to Newton’s argument for Universal Gravitation in Book III of the Principia. Newton brings an impressive array of phenomena, along with the three laws of motion, and his rules for reasoning to deduce Universal Gravitation. At the centre of this argument is the famous ‘moon test’. Here it is the empirical evidence supplied by the pendulum and Huygens’ results which drive Newton’s argument. This paper explores Newton’s argument while paying close attention to the role the pendulum plays in the argument.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aiton, E.J.: 1972, The Vortex Theory of Planetary Motions, American Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aiton, E.J.: 1989, ‘The Cartesian Vortex Theory’, in Taton, R. & Wilson, C. (eds.), The General History of Astronomy, Vol. 2, Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics, Part A, Tycho Brahe to Newton, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 207–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulos, P.: 1999, From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, The Entrenchment of Newton’s Ideal of Empirical Success. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, I.B. & Whittman, A.T.: 1999 Isaac Newton. The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Preceded by a “Guide to Newton’s Principia”, The University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, I.B. & Schofield, R.E. (eds): 1958, Isaac Newton’s Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy and Related Documents, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, I.B. & Westfall, R.S. (eds): 1995, Newton, W.W. Norton & Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Densmore, D.: 1995, Newton’s Principia: The Central Argument, Translations and illustrations by William H. Donahue, Green Lion Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, W.L.: 1989, ‘Consilience and Natural Kind Reasoning in Newton’s Argument for Universal Gravitation’, in Brown (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, W. L.: 1991, ‘Newton’s Classic Deductions from the Phenomena’. In PSA 1990 2, 183–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, W.L.: 1993, ‘Reasoning from the Phenomena: Newton’s Argument for Universal Gravitation and the Practice of Science’, in Theerman, P.& sheff (eds.), Action and Reaction (Proceedings of a Symposium to Commemorate the Tercentenary of Newton’s Principia), University of Deleware Press, New York, pp. 144–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, W.L.: 1995, ‘Isaac Newton on Empirical Success and Scientific Method’, in Earman, J. & Norton, J. (eds.), Serious Philosophy and History of Science, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, W.L.: 1999, ‘Isaac Newton on Empirical Success and Scientific Method’, in Earman J. & Norton, J. (eds.), The Cosmos of Science, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, W.L. & Smith, G.: 1995, ‘Newton’s New Way of Inquiry’, in Leplin, (ed.), Scientific Creativity: The Construction of Ideas in Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huygens, C.: 1986, The Pendulum Clock, Trans R.J. Blackwell, The Iowa State University Press, Ames.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I.: 1934, Principia, 2 vol Trans, A. Motte and F. Cajori, The University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I.: 1958, Papers And Letters On Natural Philosophy And Related Documents, in Cohen I.B., & Schofield, R.E. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I.: 1959–1977, The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, 7 vols, in Turnbull, H.W., Scott, J.F., Rupert Hall, A. & Laura Tilling (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I.: 1962, Unpublished Scientific Papers, in Hall, A.R. & Hall, M.B. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, L.: 1967–1981, The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, 8 vols in Whiteside, D.T. (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I.: 1972, Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, The Third Edition (1726) with variant readings, assembled by A. Koyré, I. B. Cohen, and A. Whitman 2 vols Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I.: 1983, Certain Philosophical Questions: Newton’s Trinity Notebook, in McGuire, J.E. & Tamny, M. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I.: 1999, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Trans, I.B. Cohen & A. Whitman The University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, H.: 1967, ‘Newtonian Space-Time’, The Texas Quarterly 10(3), 174–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, H.: 1970, ‘Newtonian Space-Time’, in Palter, R. (ed.), The Annus Mirabilis of Sir Isaac Newton.: 1666–1966, The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, pp. 258–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, H.: 1970a, ‘On the Notion of Field in Newton, Maxwell, and Beyond’, in Stewer, R. (ed.), Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Science, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. V. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 264–287. (followed by criticisms by G. Buchdahl and M. Hesse with replies).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, H.: 1989, ‘On Metaphysics and Method in Newton’, Manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, H.: 1990, ‘Further Considerations on Newton’s Methods’, Manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, H.: 1990a, ‘On Locke, ‘the Great Huygenius, and the incomparable Mr. Newton”, in P. Bricker & Hughes, R.I.G. (eds.), Philosophical Perspectives on Newtonian. Science, pp. 17–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, H.: 1991, ‘From the Phenomena of Motions to the Forces of Nature: Hypothesis or Deduction?’ PSA 1990, 2, 209–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westfall, R.S.: 1971, The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanism and Mechanics, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westfall, R.S.: 1971a, Force in Newton’s Physics: The Science of Dynamics in the Seventeenth Century, Macdonald, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westfall, R.S.: 1973, ‘Newton and the Fudge Factor’, Science CLXXIX, (23 February, 1973), 751–758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C.A.: 1970, ‘From Kepler’s Laws, So-called, To Universal Gravitation: Empirical Factors’, Archive for the History of Exact Sciences 6, 89–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C.A.: 1985, ‘The Great Inequality of Jupiter and Saturn: from Kepler to Laplace’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 33, 15–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C.A.: 1987, ‘D’Alembert versus Euler on the Recession of the Equinoxes and the Mechanics of Rigid Bodies’, Archive for the History of Exact Sciences 37, 233–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C.A.: 1988, ‘Newton’s Path to the Principia’, in The Great Ideas Today, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 178–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C.A.: 1989, ‘The Newtonian Achievement In Astronomy’, in Taton, R. & Wilson, C. (eds.), The General History of Astronomy, Vol 2, Planetary Astronomy, from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics, Part A, Tycho Brahe to Newton Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 234–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C.A.: 1995, ‘Newton on the Moon’s Variation and Apsidal Motion: The Need for a Newer ‘New Analysis’, Manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C.A.: 1999, ‘Redoing Newton’s Experiment for Establishing The Proportionality of Mass and Weight’, The St. John’s Review XLV(2), 64–73.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Boulos, P.J. (2005). Newton’s Path to Universal Gravitation: The Role of the Pendulum. In: Matthews, M.R., Gauld, C.F., Stinner, A. (eds) The Pendulum. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3526-8_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics