Skip to main content

Nutrient Limitation of Freshwater Cyanobacteria

Tools to monitor phosphorus limitation at the individual level

  • Chapter
Harmful Cyanobacteria

Part of the book series: Aquatic Ecology Series ((AQEC,volume 3))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

13 References

  • Aiba, H., Nagaya, M. and Mizuno, T. (1993) Sensor and regulator proteins from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus species PCC7942 that belong to the bacterial signal-transduction protein families: implication in the adaptive response to phosphate limitation, Molecular Microbiology 8, 81–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aubriot, L., Wagner, F. and Falkner, G. (2000) The phosphate uptake behaviour of phytoplankton communities in eutrophic lakes reflects alterations in the phosphate supply, European Journal of Phycology 35, 255–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beardall, J., Young, E. and Roberts, S. (2001) Approaches for determining phytoplankton nutrient limitation, Aquatic Sciences 63, 44–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentzen, E., Taylor, W.D. and Millard, E.S. (1992) The importance of dissolved organic phosphorus to phosphorus uptake by limnetic plankton, Limnology and Oceanography 37, 217–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bijisma, J.J.E. and Groisman, E.A. (2003) Making informed decisions: regulatory interactions between two-component systems, Trends in Microbiology 11, 359–366.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boström, B., Persson, G. and Broberg, B. (1988) Bioavailability of different phosphorus forms in freshwater systems, Hydrobiologia 170, 133–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, J.L. and Campbell, L. (1999) Flow cytometry in molecular aquatic ecology, Hydrobiologia 401, 33–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correll, D.L. (1999) Phosphorus: a rate-limiting nutrient in surface waters, Poultry Sciences 78, 674–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotner Jr., J.B. and Wetzel, R.G. (1992) Uptake of dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds by phytoplankton and bacterioplankton, Limnology and Oceanography 37, 232–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, S.W., Schirmer, T., Rummel, G., Steiert, M., Ghosh, R., Pauptit, R.A., Jansonius, J.N. and Rosenbusch, J.P. (1992) Crystal structures explain functional properties of two E. coli porins, Nature 358, 727–733.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Currie, D.J. and Kalff, J. (1984) The relative importance of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in phosphorus uptake in freshwater, Limnology and Oceanography 29, 311–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dignum, M. (2003) Phosphate uptake proteins as markers for the nutrient status of freshwater cyanobacteria. PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dignum, M., Hoogveld, H.L., Matthijs, H.C.P., Laanbroek, H.J. and Pel R. (2004) Detecting the phosphate status of phytoplankton by enzyme labelled fluorescence and flow cytometry, FEMS Microbiology Ecology 48, 29–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Droop, M.R. (1973) Some thoughts on nutrient limitation in algae, Journal of Phycology 9, 264–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubelaar, G.B.J., Gerritzen, P.L., Beeker, A.E.R., Jonker, R.R. and Tangen, K. (1999) Design and first results of the CytoBuoy: A wireless flow cytometer for in situ analysis of marine and fresh waters, Cytometry 37, 247–254.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ducobu, H., Huisman, J., Jonker, R.R. and Mur, L.R. (1998) Competition between a prochlorophyte and a cyanobacterium under various phosphorus regimes: comparison with the Droop model, Journal of Phycology 34, 467–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyhrman, S.T. and Palenik, B. (1999) Phosphate stress in cultures and field populations of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum detected by a single-cell alkaline phosphatase assay, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 3205–3212.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elser, J.J., Marzolf, E.R. and Goldman, C.R. (1990) Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of phytoplankton growth in the freshwaters of North America: a review and critique of experimental enrichments, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, 1468–1477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkner, G., Falkner R. and Schwab, A.J. (1989) Bioenergetic characterization of transient state phosphate uptake by the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans, Archives of Microbiology 152, 353–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkner, G., Falkner, R. and Wagner, F. (1993) Adaptive phosphate uptake behaviour of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans: analysis by a proportional flow-force relation, Critical Reviews of the Academy of Sciences in Paris 316, 784–787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkner, G., Wagner, F., Small, J.V. and Falkner, R. (1995) Influence of fluctuating phosphate supply on the regulation of phosphate uptake by the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans, Journal of Phycology 31, 745–753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkner, R., Wagner, F., Aiba, H. and Falkner, G. (1998) Phosphate-uptake behaviour of a mutant of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 lacking one protein of the high-affinity phosphate-uptake system, Planta 206, 461–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P.G., Greene, R.M. and Geider, R.J. (1992) Physiological limitations on phytoplankton productivity in the ocean, Oceanography 5, 84–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulda, S., Mikkat, S., Schröder, W. and Hagemann, M. (1999) Isolation of salt-induced periplasmic proteins from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, Archives of Microbiology 171, 214–217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fulda, S., Huang, F., Nilsson, F., Hagemann, M. and Norling, B. (2000) Proteomics of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, European Journal of Biochemistry 267, 5900–5906.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • González-Gil, S., Keafer, B.A., Jovine, R.V.M., Aguilera, A., Liu, S. and Anderson, D.M. (1998) Detection and quantification of alkaline phosphatase in single cells of phosphorus-starved marine phytoplankton, Marine Ecology Progress Series 164, 21–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grillo, J.F. and Gibson, J. (1979) Regulation of phosphate accumulation in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus, Journal of Bacteriology 140, 508–517.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healey, F.P. and Hendzel, L.L. (1980) Physiological indicators of nutrient deficiency in lake phytoplankton, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, 442–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecky, R.E., and Kilham, P. (1988) Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in freshwater and marine environments: a review of recent evidence on the effects of enrichment, Limnology and Oceanography 33, 796–822.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellingwerf, K.J., Postma, P.W., Tommassen, J. and Westerhoff, H.V. (1995) Signal transduction in bacteria: phospho-neural network(s) in Escherichia coli? FEMS Microbiology Reviews 16, 309–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellingwerf, K.J., Crielaard, W.C., Teixeira de Mattos, M.J., Hoff, W.D., Kort, R., Verhamme, D.T. and Avignone-Rossa, C. (1998) Current topics in signal transduction in bacteria, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 74, 211–227.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppel, L.A. (1967) Selective release of enzymes from bacteria, Science 156, 1451–1455.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirani, T.A., Suzuki, I., Murata, N., Hayashi, H. and Eaton-Rye, J.J. (2001) Characterization of a two-component signal transduction system involved in the induction of alkaline phosphatase under phosphate-limiting conditions in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Plant Molecular Biology 45, 13–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschberg, J. and Chamovitz, D. (1994) Carotenoids in cyanobacteria, in D.A. Bryant, (ed.), The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 559–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstraat, J.W., de Vreeze, M.E.J., van Zeijl, W.J.M., Peperzak, L., Peters, J.C.H. and Balfoort, H.W. (1991) Flow cytometric discrimination of phytoplankton classes by fluorescence emission and excitation properties, Journal of Fluorescence 1, 249–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoiczyk, E. and Hansel, A. (2000) Cyanobacterial cell walls: news from an unusual prokaryotic envelope, Journal of Bacteriology 182, 1191–1199.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horiuchi, T., Horiuchi, S. and Mizuno, D. (1959) A possible negative feedback phenomenon controlling formation of alkaline phosphomonoesterase in Escherichia coli, Nature 183, 1529–1530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosper, H. (1997) Clearing lakes: an ecosystem approach to the restoration and management of shallow lakes in the Netherlands, PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huisman, J. and Weissing, F.J. (1999) Biodiversity of plankton by species oscillations and chaos, Nature 402, 407–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huisman, J. and Weissing, F.J. (2001) Biological conditions for oscillations and chaos generated by multispecies competition, Ecology 82, 2682–2695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansson, M., Olsson, H. and Petterson, K. (1988) Phosphatases: origin, characteristics and function in lakes, Hydrobiologia 170, 157–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jürgens, U.J. and Weckesser, J. (1985) Carotenoid-containing outer membrane of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6714, Journal of Bacteriology 164, 384–389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jürgens, U.J., Drews, G. and Weckesser, J. (1983) Primary structure of the peptidoglycan from the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6714, Journal of Bacteriology 154, 471–478.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko, T., Sato, S., Kotani, H., Tanaka, A., Asamizu, E., Nakamura, Y., Miyajima, N., Hirosawa, M., Sugiura, M., Sasamoto, S., Kimura, T., Hosouchi, T., Matsuno, A., Muraki, A., Nakazaki, N., Naruo, K., Okumura, S., Shimpo, S., Takeuchi, C., Wada, T., Watanabe, A., Yamada, M., Yasuda, M. and Tabata, S. (1996) Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions, DNA Research 3, 109–136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klemme, J.H. (1976) Regulation of intracellular pyrophosphatase-activity and conservation of the phosphoanhydride-energy of inorganic pyrophosphatase in microbial metabolism, Zeitung für Naturforschung 31c, 544–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, A.L. (1998) The biophysics of the Gram-negative periplasmic space, Critical Reviews in Microbiology 24, 23–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kornberg, A. (1995) Inorganic polyphosphate: toward making a forgotten polymer unforgettable, Journal of Bacteriology 177, 491–496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Roche, J., McKay, R.M.L. and Boyd, P. (1999) Immunological and molecular probes to detect phytoplankton responses to environmental stress in nature, Hydrobiologia 401, 177–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahooti, M. and Harwood, C.R. (1999) Transcriptional analysis of the Bacillus subtilis teichuronic acid operon, Microbiology 145, 3409–3417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahti, R. (1983) Microbial inorganic pyrophosphatases, Microbiological Reviews 47, 169–179.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, N.H. and Scanlan, D.J. (1994) The SphX protein of Synechococcus species PCC 7942 belongs to a family of phosphate-binding proteins, Molecular Microbiology 14, 595–596.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, N.H., Scanlan, D.J., Chadd, H.E., Joint, I.R. and Carr, N.G. (1993) Nutrient acquisition by oceanic cyanobacterial picoplankters, Trends in Microbial Ecology (Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Microbial Ecology), pp. 51–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchesini, N., Ruiz, F.A., Vieira, M. and Docampo, R. (2002) Acidocalcisomes are functionally linked to the contractile vacuole of Dictyostelium discoideum, Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 8146–8153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S.R., Martin, M., Touchton, J. and Castenholz, R.W. (2002) Effects of nitrogen availability on pigmentation and carbon assimilation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain SH-94-5, Archives of Microbiology 177, 392–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno, T., Kaneko, T. and Tabata, S. (1996) Compilation of all genes encoding bacterial two-component signal transducers in the genome of the cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, DNA Research 3, 407–414.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nedoma, J., Å trojsová, A., Vrba, J., Komárková, J. and Å imek, K. (2003) Extracellular phosphatase activity of natural plankton studied with ELF97 phosphate: fluorescence quantification and labelling kinetics, Environmental Microbiology 5, 462–472.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, H. and Jansson, M. (1984) Stability of dissolved 32P-labelled phosphorus compounds in lake water and algal cultures — resistance to enzymatic treatment and algal uptake, Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 22, 200–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palenik, B. and Wood, A.M. (1998) Molecular markers of phytoplankton physiological status and their application at the level of individual cells, in K.E. Cooksey (ed.), Molecular Approaches to the Study of the Ocean, Chapman & Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palenik, B., Brahamsha, B., Larimer, F.W., Land, M., Hauser, L., Chain, P., Lamerdin, J., Regala, W., Allen, E.E., McCarren, J., Paulsen, I., Dufresne, A., Partensky, F., Webb, E.A. and Waterbury, J. (2003) The genome of a motile marine Synechococcus, Nature 424, 1037–1042

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pant, H.K. and Reddy, K.R. (2001) Hydrologic influence of organic phosphorus in wetland detritus, Journal of Environmental Quality 30, 668–674.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parpais, J., Marie, D., Partensky, F., Morin, P. and Vaulot, D. (1996) Effect of phosphorus starvation on the cell cycle of the photosynthetic prokaryote Prochlorococcus spp., Marine Ecology Progress Series 132, 265–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson, J.S. and Kofoid, E.C. (1992) Communication modules in bacterial signalling proteins, Annual Review of Genetics 26, 71–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pat, P.Y., Gillor, O., Post, A., Belkin, S., Schmid, R.D. and Bachmann, T.T. (2001) Monitoring of phosphorus bioavailability in water by an immobilized luminescent cyanobacterial reporter strain, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 16, 811–818.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulsen, I.T., Sliwinski, M.K. and Saier Jr., M.H. (1998) Microbial genome analyses: global comparisons of transport capabilities based on phylogenies, bioenergetics and substrate specificities, Journal of Molecular Biology 277, 573–592.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pel, R., Hoogveld, H.L. and Floris, V. (2003) Using the hidden isotopic heterogeneity in phyto-and zooplankton to unmask disparity in trophic carbon transfer, Limnology and Oceanography 48, 2200–2207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pick, U. and Weiss, M. (1991) Polyphosphate hydrolysis within acidic vacuoles in response to amine-induced alkaline stress in the halotolerant alga Dunaliella salina, Plant Physiology 97, 1234–1240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raivio, T.L. and Silhavy, T.J. (2001) Periplasmic stress and ECF sigma factors, Annual Review of Microbiology 55, 591–624.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, N.N., Liu, S. and Kornberg, A. (1998) Inorganic polyphosphate in Escherichia coli: the phosphate regulon and the stringent response, Journal of Bacteriology 180, 2186–2193.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, J.M., Bhaya, D., Block, M.A. and Grossman, A.R. (1991) Isolation, transcription, and inactivation of the gene for an atypical alkaline phosphatase of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942, Journal of Bacteriology 173, 4297–4309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rengefors, K., Petterson, K., Blencker, T. and Anderson, D.M. (2001) Species-specific alkaline phosphatase activity in freshwater spring phytoplankton: application of a novel method, Journal of Plankton Research 23, 435–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rengefors, K., Ruttenberg, K.C., Haupert, C.L., Taylor, C., Howes, B.L. and Anderson, D.M. (2003) Experimental investigation of taxon-specific response of alkaline phosphatase activity in natural freshwater phytoplankton, Limnology and Oceanography 48, 1167–1175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resch, C.M., and Gibson, J. (1983) Isolation of the carotenoid-containing cell wall of three unicellular cyanobacteria, Journal of Bacteriology 155, 345–350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C.S. (1998) What factors influence the species composition of phytoplankton in lakes of different trophic status? Hydrobiologia 369/370, 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rijkeboer, M., De Bles, F. and Gons, H.J. (1991) Role of sestonic detritus as a P-buffer, Memorie Dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 48, 251–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronson, C.W., Nixon, B.T. and Ausubel, F.M. (1987) Conserved domains in bacterial regulatory proteins that respond to environmental stimuli, Cell 49, 579–581.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, H., Gerdes, R.G. and Chegwidden, K. (1977) Two systems for the uptake of phosphate in Escherichia coli, Journal of Bacteriology 131, 505–511.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, F.A., Marchesini, N., Seufferheld, M., Govindjee, and Docampo, R. (2001) The polyphosphate bodies of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possess a proton-pumping pyrophosphatase and are similar to acidocalcisomes, Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 46196–46203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, D.J., Mann, N.H. and Carr, N.G. (1993) The response of the picoplanktonic marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus species WH7803 to phosphate starvation involves a protein homologous to the periplasmic phosphate-binding protein of Escherichia coli, Molecular Microbiology 10, 181–191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, D.J., Silman, N.J., Donald, K.M., Wilson, W.H., Carr, N.G., Joint, I. and Mann, N.H. (1997) An immunological approach to detect phosphate stress in populations and single cells of photosynthetic picoplankton, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63, 2411–2420.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D.W. (1977) Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes: natural mechanisms compensate for deficiencies of nitrogen and carbon in eutrophied lakes, Science 195, 260–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, J. (1988) Introductory lecture at the international symposium ‘Phosphorus in freshwater ecosystems’, Uppsala, Sweden in October 1985, Hydrobiologia 170, 9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver, S. and Walderhaug, M. (1992) Gene regulation of plasmid-and chromosome-determined inorganic ion transport in bacteria, Microbiological Reviews 56, 195–228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simonis, W. and Urbach, W. (1973) Photophosphorylation in vivo, Annual Review of Plant Physiology 24, 89–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siuda, W. (1984) Phosphatases and their role in organic phosphorus transformation in natural waters, Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii 31, 207–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Å marda, J., Å majs, D., Komrska, J. and Krzyžánek, V. (2002) S-layers on cell walls of cyanobacteria, Micron 33, 257–277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, U. (1989) The role of competition for resources in phytoplankton succession, in U. Sommer (ed.), Phytoplankton Ecology: Succession in Plankton Communities, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 57–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, S., Ferjani, A., Suzuki, I. and Murata, N. (2004) The SphS-SphR two component system is the exclusive sensor for the induction of gene expression in response to phosphate limitation in Synechocystis, Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 13234–13240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veldhuis, M.J.W., Kraay, G.W. and Timmermans, K.R (2001) Cell death in phytoplankton: correlation between changes in membrane permeability, photosynthetic activity, pigmentation and growth, European Journal of Phycology 36, 167–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vives-Rego, J., Lebaron, P. and Nebe-von Caron, G. (2000) Current and future applications of flow cytometry in aquatic microbiology, FEMS Microbiology Reviews 24, 429–448.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider, R.A. (1975) Input-output models, with special reference to the phosphorus loading concept in limnology, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrobiologie 37, 53–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrieling, E.G. and Anderson, D.M. (1996) Immunofluorescence in phytoplankton research: applications and potential, Journal of Phycology 32, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, F., Falkner, R. and Falkner, G. (1995) Information about previous phosphate fluctuations is stored via an adaptive response of the high-affinity phosphate uptake system of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans, Planta 197, 147–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, F., Sahan, E. and Falkner, G. (2000) The establishment of coherent phosphate uptake behaviour by the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans, European Journal of Phycology 35, 243–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, K.U., Masepohl, B. and Pistorius, E.K. (1995) The cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 contains a second alkaline phosphatase encoded by phoV, Microbiology 141, 3049–3058.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeremenko, N. (2004) Functional flexibility of photosystem I in cyanobacteria, PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dignum, M., Matthijs, H.C., Pel, R., Laanbroek, H.J., Mur, L.R. (2005). Nutrient Limitation of Freshwater Cyanobacteria. In: Huisman, J., Matthijs, H.C., Visser, P.M. (eds) Harmful Cyanobacteria. Aquatic Ecology Series, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3022-3_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics