Abstract
Since the early 1990s a series of spacecraft missions have completely transformed our view of the electron radiation belts. This paper summarizes a number of new results on the structure and dynamics of the belts obtained from those measurements. First, the structure of the outer electron belt is discussed with emphasis on the regions (P0-P2) distinguished on the basis of the time variations of the electron flux. Each region is characterized by distinct set of acceleration and loss processes. While these processes are traditionally represented by diffusion models, new empirical models have emerged in the last decade. These models are developed from the observed dynamics of the flux as a function of L shell and energy. We have developed such models in each Pi region, and introduce methods of writing them as empirical diffusion-convection models. Since any realistic space weather model must be driven by interplanetary activity parameters, we discuss the development of input-output models (filters) focusing on those driven by the solar wind velocity. In addition to the plasma velocity, other solar wind and IMF parameters are important for each outer-belt region. Taken together, these parameters describe geoeffective solar wind structures. This precursor information can be used to advance the forecast lead time. The expected impact of these modeling approaches to radiation belt forecasting is discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, B.J., M.J. Engebretson, and S.P. Rounds, A statistical study of Pc 3–5 pulsations observed by the AMPTE/CCE magnetic fields experiment 1. Occurrence distributions, J. Geophys. Res. 95, A7, 10,495–10,523, 1990.
Baker, D. N., R. L. McPherron, T. E. Cayton, R. W. Klebesadel, Linear prediction filter analysis of relativistic electron properties at 6.6 RE, J. Geophys. Res. 95, A9, 15,133–15,140, 1990.
Baker, D.N., G.M. Mason, O. Figueroa, G. Colon, J.G. Watzin, R.M. Aleman, An overview of the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) mission, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 31, 3, 531–541, 1993.
Baker, D.N., S.G. Kanekal, A.J. Klimas, D. Vassiliadis, T.I. Pulkkinen, Collective phenomena in the inner magnetosphere, Phys. Plasmas 6, 11, 4195–4199, 1999.
Baker, D.N., Satellite anomalies due to space storms, in: Space Storms and Space Weather Hazards, I.A. Daglis (ed.), pp. 285–311, NATO Science series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2001.
Blake, J.B., J.F. Fennell, L.M. Friesen, B.M. Johnson, W.A. Kolasinski, D.J. Mabry, J.V. Osborn, S.H. Penzin, E.R. Schnauss, H.E. Spence, D.N. Baker, R. Belian, T.A. Fritz, W. Ford, B. Laubscher, R. Stiglich, R.A. Baraze, M.F. Hilsenrath, W.L. Imhof, J.R. Kilner, J. Mobilia, D.H. Voss, A. Korth, M. Gull, K. Fisher, M. Grande, and D. Hall, CEPPAD, in: Russell, C.T., (ed.), The Global Geospace Mission, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1995.
Blake, J.B., D.N. Baker, N. Turner, K.W. Ogilvie, R.P. Lepping, Correlation of changes in the outer-zone relativistic-electron population with upstream solar wind and magnetic field measurements, Geophys. Rev. Lett. 24, 8, 927–929, 1997.
Blake, J.B., J.L. Roeder, R.J. Selesnick, D.N. Baker, P. Daly, M. Grande, M. Carter, Cluster-Polar simultaneous observations of energetic particles in the plasma sheet — evidence for radiation belt leakage?, Eos Trans. AGU 83 (47), Fall Meet. Suppl. SM51A-0502, 2002.
Chan, A.A., L. Chen, and R.B. White, Nonlinear interaction of energetic ring current protons with magnetospheric hydromagnetic waves, Geophys. Res. Lett. 16, 1133–1136, 1989.
Cook, W.R., A.C. Cummings, J.R. Cummings, T.L. Garrard, B. Kecman, R.A. Mewaldt, R.S. Selesnick, E.C. Stone, D.N. Baker, T.T. Von Rosenvinge, J.B. Blake, L.B. Callis, PET — A Proton Electron Telescope for studies of magnetospheric, solar, and galactic particles, IEEE Tras. Geosc. Rem. Sens. 31, 3, 565–571, 1993.
Daglis, I.A., B. Wilken, and E.T. Sarris, Proceedings of the Cluster-RAPID Science Workshop, MPAE-W-056-95-01, Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany, 1995.
Elkington, S.R., M.K. Hudson, A.A. Chan, Acceleration of relativistic electrons via drift-resonant interaction with toroidal-mode Pc5 ULF oscillations, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 21, 3273–3276, 1999.
Elkington, S.R., M.K. Hudson, and A.A. Chan, Resonant acceleration and diffusion of outer zone electrons in an asymmetric geomagnetic field, J. Geophys. Res. 108, A3, 1116, doi: 10.1029/2001JA009202, 2003.
Engebretson, M., K.-H. Glassmeier, M. Stellmacher, W.J. Hughes, H. Luehr, The dependence of high-latitude Pc5 wave power on solar wind velocity and on the phase of high-speed solar wind streams, J. Geophys. Res. 103, A11, 26,271–26,283, 1998.
Farrugia, C.J., F.T. Gratton, R.B. Torbert, Viscous-type processes in the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction, Space Sci. Rev. 95, 1–2, 443–456, 2001.
Friedel, R.H.W., G.D. Reeves, T. Obara, Relativistic electron dynamics in the inner magnetosphere — a review, J. Atmos, Sol.-Terr. Phys. 64, 2, 265–282, 2002.
Fritz, T.A., The cusp as a source of magnetospheric energetic particles, currents, and electric fields: a new paradigm, Space Sci. Rev. 95, 469–488, 2001.
Fung, S.F., Recent developments in the NASA trapped radiation models, in: Radiation Belts: Models and Standards, J.F. Lemaire, D. Heynderickx, and D.N. Baker (eds.), Geophysical Monograph 97, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1996.
Fung, S.F., and L.C. Tan, Time correlation of low-altitude relativistic trapped electron fluxes with solar wind speeds, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 13, 2361–2364, 1998.
Heynderickx, D., Radiation belt mod elling in the framework of space weather effects and forecasting, J. Atm. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 64, 1687–1700, 2002.
Hilmer, R.V., G.P. Ginet, T.E. Cayton, Enhancement of equatorial energetic electron fluxes near L=4.2 as a result of high-speed solar wind streams, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 23311–23322, 2000.
Hudson, M.K., S.R. Elkington, J.G. Lyon, C.C. Goodrich, T.J. Rosenberg, Simulation of radiation belt dynamics driven by solar wind variations, in: Sun-Earth Plasma Connections, J.L. Burch, R.L. Carovillano, and S.K. Antiochos (eds.), Geophysical Monograph 109, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1999.
Ingraham, J.C., T.E. Clayton, R.D. Belian, R.H.W. Friedel, M.M. Meier, G.D. Reeves, and M.G. Tuszewski, Substorm injection of relativistic electrons to geosynchronous orbit during the great magnetic storm of March 24, 1991, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 25,759–25,776, 2001.
Kanekal S.D., D.N. Baker, J.B. Blake, Multisatellite measurements of relativistic electrons: global coherence, J. Geophys. Res. 106, A12, 29,721–29,732, 2001.
Lemaire, J.F., From the discovery of radiation belts to space weather perspectives, in: Space Storms and Space Weather Hazards, I.A. Daglis (ed.), NATO Science Series, 79–102, 2001.
Li, X., I. Roth, M. Temerin, J.R. Wygant, M.K. Hudson, and J.B. Blake, Simulation of the prompt energization and transport of radiation belt particles during the Marth 24, 1991 SSC, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 22, 2423–2426, 1993.
Li, X., and M.A. Temerin, The electron radiation belt, Space Sci. Rev. 95, 1–2, 569–580, 2001.
Li, X., M. Temerin, D.N. Baker, G.D. Reeves, D. Larson, Quantitative prediction of radiation belt electrons at geostationary orbit based on solar wind measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 9, 1887–1890, 2001.
Liu, W.W., G. Rostoker, and D. N. Baker, Internal acceleration of relativistic electrons by large-amplitude ULF pulsations, J. Geophys. Res. 104, A8, 17,391–17,407, 1999.
Mathie, R.A., and I.R. Mann, A correlation between extended intervals of ULF wave power and storm-time geosynchronous relativistic electron flux enhancements, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 3261–3264, 2000.
Moorer, D.F., D.N. Baker, and S.F. Fung, Estimating outer radiation belt electron flux by data assimilation (unpublished), 1999.
McAdams, K.L., and G.D. Reeves, Non-adiabatic response of relativistic radiation belt electrons to GEM magnetic storms, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1879–1882, 2001.
Nishida, A., Outward diffusion of energetic particles from the Jovian radiation belt, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 1771–1773, 1976.
O’Brien, T.P. K.R. Lorentzen, I.R. Mann, N.P. Meredith, J.B. Blake, J.F. Fennell, M.D. Looper, D.K. Milling, and R.R. Anderson, Energization of relativistic electrons in the presence of ULF power and MeV microbursts: evidence for dual ULF and VLF acceleration, J. Geophys. Res. 108, A8, Art. No. 1329, 2003.
Paulikas, G.A., and J.B. Blake, Effects of the solar wind on magnetospheric dynamics: energetic electrons at the sunchronous orbit, in: Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes, W.P. Olson (ed.), Geophysical Monograph 21, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1979.
Pilipenko, V.A., and M.J. Engebretson, Ground images at high-latitudes of ULF wave processes in the outer magnetosphere, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 64, 2, 183–201, 2002.
Rigler, E.J., D.N. Baker, R. Weigel, D. Vassiliadis, A. Klimas, Adaptive Linear Prediction of Radiation Belt Electrons Using the Kalman Filter, Space Weather (in print), 2004.
Rostoker, G., S. Skone, and D.N. Baker, On the origin of relativistic electrons in the magnetosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3701–3704, 1998.
Selesnick, R.S., and J.B. Blake, On the source location of the radiation belt relativistic electrons, J. Geophys. Res. 105, A2, 2607–2624, 2000.
Sheldon, R.B., H.E. Spence, J.D. Sullivan, T.A. Fritz, J. Chen, The discovery of trapped energetic electrons in the outer cusp, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1825–1828, 1998.
Summers, D., and C.-Y. Ma, Rapid acceleration of electrons in the magnetosphere by fast-mode MHD waves, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 15,887, 2000.
Tsutai, A., C. Mitsui, T. Nagai, Predictions of a geosynchronous electron environment with in situ magnetic field measurements, Earth, Plan. Space 51, 3, 219–233, 1999.
Vassiliadis, D., A. J. Klimas, S. G. Kanekal, D. N. Baker, R. S. Weigel, Long-term average, solar-cycle, and seasonal response of magnetospheric energetic electrons to the solar wind speed, J. Geophys. Res., 10.1029/2001JA000506, 2002.
Vassiliadis, D., R.S. Weigel, A.J. Klimas, S.G. Kanekal, R.A. Mewaldt, Modes of energy transfer between the solar wind and the inner magnetosphere, Phys. Plasmas 10 (2), 463–473, 2003a.
Vassiliadis, D., A.J. Klimas, R. S. Weigel, D. N. Baker, E. J. Rigler, S. G. Kanekal, T. Nagai, S. F. Fung, R. W. H. Friedel, and T. E. Cayton, Structure of Earth’s outer radiation belt inferred from long-term electron flux dynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(19), 2015, doi:10.1029/2003GL017328, 2003b.
Vassiliadis, D., S.F. Fung, and A.J. Klimas, Interplanetary and magnetospheric state parameters for radiation belt electron flux models, submitted, 2004.
Vennerstrom, S., Dayside magnetic ULF power at high latitudes: A possible long-term proxy for the solar wind velocity?, J. Geophys. Res. 104, A5, 10,145–10,157, 1999.
Vette, J.I., The AE-8 trapped electron model environment, NSSDC WDC-A-R&S, 91-24, 1991.
Walt, M., Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1994.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this paper
Cite this paper
Vassiliadis, D., Klimas, A., Fung, S., Baker, D., Weigel, R., Kanekal, S. (2004). Structure and Dynamics of the Outer Radiation Belt. In: Daglis, I.A. (eds) Effects of Space Weather on Technology Infrastructure. NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, vol 176. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2754-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2754-0_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-2748-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2754-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)