Abstract
If the environment were isotropic and stable in time, it would be relatively easy to determine its effects on the propagation of RF waves. Unfortunately, this is not the case. The spatial scales of inhomogenities vary from thousands of kilometres to turbulence with scale sizes of a less than a metre. Likewise the temporal scales vary over many orders of magnitude from many years (solar cycle effects on ionospheric propagation) to hours or even minutes (the scale of weather phenomena). As a consequence of this variability, timely and reliable strategies are required to both specify and accurately forecast the environment and to assess the attendant impact on the operational performance of action that will improve the system functionality. This paper will review these phenomena and describe their impact on a number of systems. The effect that space weather has on high frequency (HF) systems will be addressed in some detail and strategies for mitigating its effects will be described.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aarons, J., Global morphology of ionospheric scintillation, Proc. IEEE, 70 (4), 360–377, 1982.
Anderson, D.N., J.M. Forbes, and M. Codrescu, A Fully Analytical, Low-and Middle-Latitude Ionospheric Model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 1520, 1989.
Angling, M.J., and P.S. Cannon, Assimilation of Radio Occultation Measurements into Background Ionospheric Models, Submitted to Radio Science, 2003.
Angling, M.J., P.S. Cannon, N.C. Davies, T.J. Willink, V. Jodalen, and B. Lundborg, Measurements of Doppler and Multipath Spread on Oblique High-Latitude HF Paths and their use in Characterising Data Modem Performance, Radio Science, 33 (1), 97–107, 1998.
Arthur, P.C., M. Lissimore, P.S. Cannon, and N.C. Davies, Application of a high quality ionosonde to ionospheric research, in HF Radio Systems and techniques, pp. 135–139, IEE, Nottingham, UK, 1997.
Basler, R.P., P.B. Bentley, R.T. Price, R.T. Tsunoda, and T.L. Wong, Ionospheric Distortion of HF Signals, Radio Science, 23 (4), 569–579, 1988.
Bennett, J.A., J. Chen, and P.L. Dyson, Analytic Ray Tracing for the Study of HF Magnetoionic Radio Propagation in the Ionosphere,, App. Computational Electromagnetics J., 6, 192–210, 1991.
Bilitza, D., International Reference Ionosphere 2000, Radio Science, 36 (2), 261–275, 2000.
Bilitza, D., Ionospheric Models for Radio Propagation Studies, in Review Of Radio Science 1999–2002, edited by W.R. Stone, pp. 625–679, IEEE and Wiley, 2002.
Bishop, G., T. Bullett, K. Groves, S. Quigley, P. Doherty, E. Sexton, K. Scro, R. Wilkes, and P. Citrone, Operational Space Environment Network Display (OpSEND), in 10th International Ionospheric Effects Symposium,, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 2002.
Bradley, P.A., and J.R. Dudeney, A simplified model of the vertical distribution of electron concentration in the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 35, 2131–2146, 1973.
Cannon, P.S., Ionospheric ELF radio signal generation due to LF and/or MF radio transmissions: Part I Experimental results, J. Atmos Terr Phys, 44, 819–829, 1982.
Cannon, P.S., Propagation in the ionosphere (A), in Propagation Modelling and Decision Aids For Communications, Radar and Navigation Systems, pp. 1A1–1A10, NATO-AGARD, 1994a.
Cannon, P.S., Propagation in the ionosphere (B), in Propagation Modelling and Decision Aids For Communications, Radar and Navigation Systems, pp. 1B1–1B17, NATO-AGARD, 1994b.
Cannon, P.S., M.J. Angling, and B. Lundborg, Characterisation and Modelling of the HF Communications Channel, in Review Of Radio Science 1999–2002, edited by W.R. Stone, pp. 597–623, IEEE-Wiley, 2002.
Cannon, P.S., and P. Bradley, Ionospheric Propagation, in Propagation of Radio Waves (2nd Edition), edited by L.W. Barclay, pp. Chapter 16, IEE, London, 2003.
Cannon, P.S., J.H. Richter, and P.A. Kossey, Real time specification of the battlespace environment and its effects on RF military systems, in Future Aerospace Technology in Service of the Alliance, AGARD multi-panel symposium, Paris, 1997.
Daniell, R.E., L.D. Brown, D.N. Anderson, M.W. Fox, P.H. Doherty, D.T. Decker, J.J. Sojka, and R.W. Schunk, PRISM: A global ionospheric parameterisation based on first principles models, Radio Science, 30, 1499, 1995.
Davies, N.C., and P.S. Cannon, DAMSON— A System to Measure Multipath Dispersion, Doppler Spread and Doppler Shift, in AGARD Symposium on Multi-Mechanism Communication Systems, pp. 36.1–36.6, NATO AGARD/RTO, 7 Rue Ancelle, 92200 Neuilly sur Seine, France, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1993.
Francis, N.M., P.S. Cannon, A.G. Brown, and D.S. Broomhead, Nonlinear prediction of the ionospheric parameter foF2 on hourly, daily and monthly timescales., J. Geophys. Res., 105 (A6), 12839–12849, 2000.
Goodman, J.M., and J. Aarons, Ionospheric effects on modern electronic systems, Proc. IEEE, 78 (3), 512–528, 1990.
Hajj, G.A., B.D. Wilson, C. Wang, W. Pi, and I.G. Rosen, Ionospheric data assimilation of ground GPS TEC by use of the Kalman filter, Submitted to Radio Scienceha, 2003.
Heaton, J.A.T., IRIS Analysis Package Users Guide, DERA/CIS/CIS1/SUM990673, DERA, Malvern, Worcs, UK, 1999.
ITU, Testing of HF Modems with Bandwidths of up to about 12 kHz using Ionospheric Channel Simulators, pp. 11,Rec. ITU-R F.1487, ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
ITU-R, HF Propagation Prediction Method, ITU-R P.533-7, International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999.
Jodalen, V., T. Bergsvik, P.S. Cannon, and P.C. Arthur, The performance of HF modems on high latitude paths and the number of frequencies necessary to achieve maximum connectivity, Radio Science, 36 (6), 1687, 2001.
Jones, R.M., and J.J. Stephenson, A Three-Dimensional Ray Tracing Computer Program for Radio Waves in the Ionosphere, OT Report 75–76, US Dept. of Commerce, Office of Telecommunication, 1975.
Lane, G., F.J. Rhoads, and L. DeBlasio, Voice of America coverage analysis program, (VOACAP). A guide to VOACAP,, B/ESA Technical Report 01–93, US Information Agency, Bureau of Broadcasting, Washington, D. C. 20547–0001, 1993.
McNamara, L.F., The ionosphere: communications, surveillance and direction finding, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 1991.
NATO, STANAG 4415: Characteristics of a Robust Non-Hopping Serial Tone Modulator/Demodulator for Severely Degraded HF Radio Links, NATO, Brussels, 1998.
Norman, R.J., and P.S. Cannon, A Two-dimensional Analytic Ray Tracing Technique Accommodating Horizontal Gradients, Radio Science, 32 (2), 387–396, 1997.
Norman, R.J., and P.S. Cannon, An evaluation of a new 2-D analytic ionospheric ray tracing technique — SMART, Radio Science, 34 (2), 489–499, 1999.
Pi, X., C. Wang, G.A. Hajj, G. Rosen, B.D. Wilson, and G.J. Bailey, Estimation of E × B drift using a global assimilative ionospheric model: an observation system simulation experiment,, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A2), doi:10.1029/2001JA009235, 1075, 2003.
Radicella, S.M., and R. Leitinger, The evolution of the DGR approach to model electron density profiles, Advances in Space Research, 27 (1), 35–40, 2001.
Rodgers, C.D., Inverse methods for atmospheric sounding: theory and practice, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 2000.
Rose, R.B., J.N. Martin, and P.H. Levine, MINIMUF-3: A simplified HF MUF prediction algorithm, Tech. Rep. NOSC TR 186, Naval Ocean Systems Center,, San Diego, California, USA, 1978.
Shukla, A.K., and P.S. Cannon, Prediction Model Updating Using the ROSE-200 Oblique Ionospheric Sounder at Mid and Higher Latitudes, in HF, Radio Systems and Techniques Conf, pp. 89–103, IEE, York, UK, 1994.
Shukla, A.K., P.S. Cannon, S. Roberts, and D. Lynch, A tactical HF decision aid for inexperienced operators and automated HF systems, in 7th International Conference on HF Radio Systems and Techniques, pp. 383, IEE, Nottingham, UK, 1997.
Stewart, F.G., and G. Hand, Technical description of the ICEPAC Propagation prediction program, Private Communication, Institution of Telecommunications Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1994.
Teters, L.R., J.L. Lloyd, G.W. Haydon, and D.L. Lucus, Estimating the performance of telecommunications systems using the ionospheric transmission channel: Ionospheric Communications Analysis and Prediction Program (IONCAP) User’s manual, NTIA report 83—127, NTIS order no N70-24144, NTIA, Springfield, VA, USA, 1983.
Wang, C., G.A. Hajj, X. Pi, and L.J. Romans, The Development of an Ionospheric Data Assimilation Model, in Ionospheric Effects Symposium, edited by J. Goodman, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 1999.
Willink, T.J., Analysis of High-Latitude HF Propagation Characteristics and their Impact for Data Communications, CRC Report 97-001, Industry Canada, 1997.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cannon, P.S., Angling, M.J., Heaton, J.A.T., Rogers, N.C., Shukla, A.K. (2004). The Effects of Space Weather on Radio Systems. In: Daglis, I.A. (eds) Effects of Space Weather on Technology Infrastructure. NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, vol 176. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2754-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2754-0_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-2748-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2754-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)