Abstract
Anew theory of early molecular evolution is described, proceeding from original speculations to specific predictions and their confirmations. This classical cycle is then repeated generating the earliest picture of evolving Life. First, a consensus temporal order (“chronology”) of appearance of amino acids and their respective codons on evolutionary scene is reconstructed on the basis of 60 different criteria, resulting in the order: G, A, D, V, P, S, E, L, T, R, I, Q, N, K, H, C, F, Y, M, W. It reveals two fundamental features: the amino acids synthesized in experiments imitating primordial conditions appeared first, while the amino acids associated with codon capture events came last. The reconstruction of codon chronology then follows based on the above consensus temporal order, supplemented by the stability and complementarity rules first suggested by M. Eigen and P. Schuster, and on earlier established processivity rule. The derived genealogy of all 64 codons suggests several important predictions that are confirmed: Gradual decay of glycine content in protein evolution; traces of the most ancient 6-residue long gly-rich and ala-rich minigenes in extant sequences; and manifestations of a fundamental binary code of protein sequences.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Di Giulio M. The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles. J Molec Evol 2003; 57:721–730.
Barbieri M. The Organic Codes. An introduction to semantic biology. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Miller SL. A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions. Science 1953; 117:528–529.
Miller SL. Which organic compounds could have occurred on the prebiotic Earth? Cold Spr Harb Symp Quant Biol 1987; 52:17–27.
Löb W. Über das Verhalten des formamids unter der wirkung der stillen entladung: Ein betrag zur frage der stickstoff-assimilation. Ber 1913; 46:684–697.
Yockey HP. Walther Löb, Stanley L. Miller and prebiotic “building blocks” in the silent electrical discharge. Persp Biol Med 1997; 41:125–131.
Trifonov EN, Bettecken T. Sequence fossils, triplet expansion, and reconstruction of earliest codons. Gene 1997; 205:1–6.
Ohshima K, Kang S, Wells RD. CTG triplet repeats from human hereditary diseases are dominant genetic expansion products in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:1853–1856.
Trifonov EN. Translation framing code and frame-monitoring mechanism as suggested by the analysis of mRNA and 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences. J Molec Biol 1987; 194:643–652.
Lagunez-Otero J, Trifonov EN. mRNA periodical infrastructure complementary to the proof-reading site in the ribosome. J Biomolec Str Dyn 1992; 10:455–464.
Eriani G, Delarue M, Poch O et al. Partition of tRNA synthetases into two classes based on mutually exclusive sets of sequence motifs. Nature 1990; 347:203–206.
Trifonov EN. The triplet code frm first principles. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2004; 22:1–11.
Osawa S, Jukes TS, Watanabe K et al. Recent evidence for evolution of the genetic code. Microb Rev 1992; 56:229–264.
Eigen M, Schuster P. The hypercycle. A principle of natural self-organization. Part C: The realistic hypercycle. Naturwissenschaften 1978; 65:341–369.
Trifonov EN. Glycine clock: Eubacteria first, Archaea next, protoctista, Fungi, Planta and Animalia at last. Gene Therapy Mol Biol 1999; 4:313–322.
Trifonov EN, Kirzhner A, Kirzhner VM et al. Distinct stages of protein evolution as suggested by protein sequence analysis. J Mol Evol 2001; 53:394–401.
Altschul SF. Amino acid substitution matrices from an information theoretic perspective. J Mol Biol 1991; 219:555–565.
Henikoff S, Henikoff JG. Amino acid substitution matrices from protein blocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:10915–10919.
Berezovsky IN, Grosberg AY, Trifonov EN. Closed loops of nearly standard size: Common basic element of protein structure. FEBS Letters 2000; 466:283–286.
Berezovsky IN, Kirzhner VM, Kirzhner A et al. Protein sequences yield a proteomic code. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2003; 21:317–325.
Berezovsky IN, Kirzhner A, Kirzhner VM et al. Spelling protein structure. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2003; 21:327–339.
Trifonov EN. Segmented genome: Elementary units of genome structure. Russian J Genetics 2002; 38:659–663.
Berman AL, Kolker E, Trifonov EN. Underlying order in protein sequence organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:4044–4047.
Kolker E, Tjaden BC, Hubley R et al. Spectral analysis of distributions: Finding periodic components in eukaryotic enzyme length data. OMICS: Journal Integr Biol 2002; 6:123–130.
Shore D, Langowski J, Baldwin RL. DNA flexibility studied by covalent closure of short fragments into circles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78:4833–4837.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Trifonov, E.N. (2006). Theory of Early Molecular Evolution. In: Discovering Biomolecular Mechanisms with Computational Biology. Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36747-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36747-0_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-34527-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-36747-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)