Abstract
Madagascar contains a diversity of endemic species. Yet levels of species richness vary among the isolated habitats scattered across the island. A number of ecological factors have been advanced to account for patterns of species richness. In particular, abiotic factors such as habitat area, latitude, altitude, temperature, and rainfall have been suggested to account for ultimate differences in the number of species a habitat may support. Biotic variables such as vegetation type have been suggested as more proximate factors in determining the diversity of habitats available for animals to occupy. Several studies have included Malagasy locales in evaluating large-scale relationships between ecological variables and species richness (e.g., [Reed and Fleagle, 1995], [Fleagle and Reed, 1996]; [Eeley and Lawes, 1999]; [Emmons, 1999]; [Ganzhorn et al., 1999]). This study combines data on geography, topography, climate, and vegetation with species lists from 27 national parks, reserves, and other protected areas to specifically address biogeographic patterns of species richness on Madagascar. Ecological variables are considered individually in order to determine which biotic and abiotic factors may best predict primate, mammal, bird, reptile, and amphibian richness.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albignac, R. 1972, The carnivora of Madagascar, in: Battistini, R. and Richard-Vindard, G., eds., Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar, W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 667–682.
Aldegheri, M. 1972, Rivers and Streams on Madagascar, in: Battistini, R. and Richard-Vindard, G., eds., Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar, W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 261–310.
Andrianarimisa, A., Bachman, L., Ganzhorn, J. U., Goodman, S. M., and Tomiuk, J. 2000, Effects of forest fragmentation on genetic variation in endemic understory forest birds in central Madagascar. J. Ornithol. 141:152–159.
Battistini, R. and Richard-Vindard, G. 1972, Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar, W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 765.
Blommers-Schlosser, R.M. A. and Blommers, L. H. M. 1984, The amphibians, in: Jolly, A., Oberle, P., and Albignac, R., eds., Key Environments: Madagascar, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 89–104.
Bohning-Gaese, K. 1997, Determinants of avian species richness at different spatial scales. J. Biogeogr. 24:49–60.
Brenon, P. 1972, The geology of Madagascar, in: Battistini, R. and Richard-Vindard, G., eds., Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar, W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 27–86.
Brown, J. H. 1988, Species diversity, in: Myers, A. A. and Giller, P. S., eds., Analytical Biogeography: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Animal and Plant Distributions, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 57–89.
Burney, D. 1997, Theories and Facts regarding Holocene environmental change on Madagascar before and after human colonization, in: Goodman, S. M. and Patterson, B. D., eds., Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, pp. 75–89.
Ceballos, G. and Brown, J. H. 1995, Global patterns of mammalian diversity, endemism and endangerment. Cons. Biol. 9:559–568.
Darlington, P. J. 1957, Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Wiley Press, New York, p. 675.
Dewar, R. E. 1997, Were people responsible for the extinction of Madagascar’s subfossils, and how will we ever know? in: Goodman, S. M. and Patterson, B. D., eds., Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 364–377.
de Wit, M. J. 2003, Madagascar: Heads it’s a continent, tails it’s and island. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 31:213–248.
Donque, G. 1972, The climatology of Madagascar. in: Battistini, R., and Richard-Vindard, G., eds., Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar, W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 87–144.
Duckworth, J. W., Evans, M. I., and Hawkins, A. F. A. 1995, The lemurs of Marojejy Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar—A status overview with notes on ecology and threats. Int. J. Primatol. 16:545–559.
Dumetz, N. 1999, High plant diversity of lowland rainforest vestiges in eastern Madagascar. Bio. and Cons. 8:273–315.
DuPuy, D. J. and Moat, J. 1996, A refined classification of the primary vegetation of Madagascar based on the underlying geology: using GIS to map its distribution and to assess its conservation status, in: Lourenco, W. R., ed., Biogeographie de Madagascar, Museum-Orstom, Paris, pp. 205–218.
Eeley, H. A. C. and Foley, R. A. 1999, Species richness, species range size and ecological specialization among African primates: Geographical patterns and conservation implications. Bio. and Cons. 8:1033–1056.
Eeley H. A. C. and Lawes, M. 1999, Large-scale patterns of species richness and species range size in anthropoid primates, in: Fleagle, J. G., Janson, C. H., and Reed, K. E., eds., Primate Communities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 191–219.
Emmons, L. H. 1999, Of mice and monkeys: Primates as predictors of mammal community richness. in: Fleagle, J. G., Janson, C. H., and Reed, K. E., eds., Primate Communities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 171–188.
Evans, M. I., Thompson, P. M., and Wilson, A. 1994, A survey of the lemurs of Ambatovaky Special Reserve, Madagascar. Pri. Cons. 14–15:13–21.
Feistner, A. T. C. and Schmid, J. 1999, Lemurs of the of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andohahela, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 94:269–283.
Fisher, B. L. 1997, Biogeography and ecology of the ant fauna of Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, J. Nat. Hist. 31:269–302.
Fleagle, J. G. and Reed, K. E. 1996, Comparing primate communities: A multivariate approach. J. Hum. Evol. 30:489–510.
Fleagle, J. G., Janson, C. H., and Reed, K. E. 1999, Primate Communities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 329.
Ganzhorn, J. U. 1997, Habitat characteristics and lemur species richness in Madagascar. Biotropica 29:331–343.
Ganzhorn, J. U., Wright, P. C., and Ratsimbazafy, J. 1999, Primate Communities in Madagascar, in: Fleagle, J. G., Janson, C. H., and Reed, K. E., eds., Primate Communities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 75–89.
Godfrey, L. R., Jungers, W. L., Reed, K. E., Simons, E. L., and Chatrath, P. S. 1997, Subfossil Lemurs: Inferences about past and present primate communities in Madagascar, in: Goodman, S. M., and Patterson, B. D., eds., Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 218–256.
Goodman, S. M. 1996, The carnivores of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andringitra, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 85:289–292.
Goodman, S. M. 1998, A floral and faunal inventory of the Réserve Spéciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar: With reference to elevational variation. Field. Zool. No. 90. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. p. 246.
Goodman, S. M. and Benstead, J. P. 2003, The Natural History of Madagascar, Chicago University Press, Chicago. p. 1709.
Goodman, S. M. and Carleton, M. D. 1996, The rodents of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andringitra, Madagascar: A study of elevational distribution and regional endemicity. Field. Zool. 85:257–282.
Goodman, S. M. and Carleton, M. D. 1998, The rodents of the Réserve Spéciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 90:201–222.
Goodman, S. M., Carleton, M. D., and Pidgeon, M. 1999a, Rodents of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andohahela, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 94:217–249.
Goodman, S. M., Ganzhorn, J. U., and Rakotondravony, D. 2003, Introduction to the Mammals, in: Goodman, S. M. and Benstead, J. P., eds., The Natural History of Madagascar, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. pp. 1159–1186.
Goodman, S. M. and Jenkins, P. D. 1998, The insectivores of the Réserve Spéciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 90:139–162.
Goodman, S. M., Jenkins, P. D., and Pidgeon, M. 1999b, Lipotyphla (Tenrecidae and Soricidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andohahela, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 94:187–216.
Goodman, S. M. and Lewis, B. A. 1996, Description of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andringitra, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 85:7–19.
Goodman, S. M. and Lewis, B. A. 1998, Description of the Réserve Spéciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 90:9–16.
Goodman, S. M. and Patterson, B. D. 1997, Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, p. 432.
Goodman, S. M. and Pidgeon, M. 1999, Carnivora of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andohahela, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 94:259–268.
Goodman, S. M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A. F. A., and Schulenberg, T. S. 1997, The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Field. Zool. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. 87:132.
Goodman, S. M. and Putnam, M. S. 1996, The birds of the eastern slopes of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andringitra, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 85:171–190.
Goodman, S. M. and Rakotondravony, D. et al., 2000, The effects of forest fragmentation and isolation on insectivorous small mammals (Lipotyphla) on the Central High Plateau of Madagascar. J. Zool., Lond. 250:193–200.
Goodman, S. M. and Rasolonandrasana, B. P. N. 2001, Elevational zonation of birds, insectivores, rodents and primates on the slopes of the Andringitra Massif, Madagascar. J. Nat. Hist. 35:285–300.
Goodman, S. M., Raxworthy, C. J., and Jenkins, P. D. 1996, Insectivore ecology in the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andringitra, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 85:218–230.
Grassi, C. 2001, The Behavioral Ecology of Hapalemur griseus griseus: The Influences of Microhabitat and Population Density on this Small-bodied Prosimian Folivore. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
Green, G. M. and Sussman, R.W. 1990, Deforestation history of the eastern rain forests of Madagascar from satellite images. Science 243:212–215.
Harcourt, A. H. 2000, Latitude and latitudinal extent: a global analysis of the Rapoport effect in a tropical mammalian taxon: primates. J. Biogeo. 27:1169–1182.
Harcourt, C. S. and Thornback, J. 1990, Lemurs of Madagascar and the Comoros, IUCN—The World Conservation Union, Gland.
Hawkins, A. F. A., Thiollay, J., and Goodman, S. M. 1998a, The birds of the Réserve Spéciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 90:93–128.
Hawkins, A. F. A. 1999, Altitudinal and latitudinal distribution of east Malagasy forest bird communities. J. Biogeo. 26:447–458.
Hawkins, A. F. A. and Goodman, S. M. 1999, Bird community variation with elevation and habitat in parcels 1 and 2 of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andohahela, Madagascar. Fieldi. Zool. 94:175–186.
Humbert, H. 1927, Principaux aspects de la vegetation a Madagascar. Mem. Acad. Malagache. 5:1–80.
Humbert, H. 1965, Description des types de vegetation, in: Humbert, H. and Cours Darne, G., eds, Notice de la carte de Madagascar. Travaux de la Section Scientifique et Technique de l’Institute Francois de Pondichery 6:46–78.
Irwin, M. T., Samonds, K. E., and Raharison, J. L. 2000, A biological inventory of Reserve Speciale de Kalambatritra, with special emphasis on lemurs and birds. Unpublished report to ANGAP.
Janson, C. H. and Peres, C. A. 1999, Species coexistence, distribution, and environmental determinants of neotropical primate richness: A community-level zoogeographic analysis, in: Fleagle, J. G., Janson, C. H., and Reed, K. E., eds., Primate Communities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 55–74.
Jenkins, P. D., Goodman, S. M., and Raxworthy, C. J. 1996, The shrew Tenrecs (Microgale) (Insectivora: Tenrecidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andringitra, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 85:191–216.
Jernvall, J. and Wright, P. C. 1998, Diversity components of impending primate extinctions. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 95:11279–11283.
Johnson, S. E. and Overdorff, D. J. 1999, Census of brown lemurs in southeastern Madagascar: Methods-testing and conservation implications. Am. J. Primatol. 47:51–60.
Jolly, A. and Jolly, R. 1984, Malagasy economics and conservation: A tragedy without villains, in: Jolly, A., Oberle, P., and Albignac, R., eds., Key Environments: Madagascar, Pergamon Press, Oxford. pp. 211–218.
Lowry, P. P., Schatz, G. E., and Phillipson, P. B. 1997, The classification of natural and anthropogenic vegetation in Madagascar, in: Goodman, S. M. and Patterson, B. D., eds., Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC pp. 75–89.
Koechlin, J. 1972, Flora and vegetation of Madagascar, in: Battistini, R. and Richard-Vindard, G., eds., Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar, W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 145–190.
Martin, R. D. 1972, Adaptive radiation and behaviour of the Malagasy lemurs. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 264:295–352.
Millot, J. 1972, In conclusion, in: Battistini, R. and Richard-Vindard, G., eds., Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar, W. Junk, The Hague pp. 741–756.
Mittermeier, R. A., Tattersall, I., Konstant, B., Meyers, D. M., and Mast, R. B. 1994, Lemurs of Madagascar, Conservation International, Washington, DC.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B., and Kent, J. 2000, Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858.
Nicoll, M. E. and Langrand, O. 1989, Madagascar: Revue de la Conservation et des Aires Protegees, World Wildlife Fund, Gland.
Nussbaum, R. A., Raxworthy, C. J., Raselimanana, A. P., and Ramanamanjato, J. 1999, Amphibians and reptiles of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andohahela, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 94:155–173.
O’Connor, P. M. and Stevens, N. J. 2000, Biotic and abiotic factors as predictors of species richness in Madagascar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., Supp. 30:241.
Overdorff, D. J. 1996, Ecological correlates to activity and habitat use of two prosimian primates: Eulemur rubriventer and Eulemur fulvus rufus in Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 40:327–342.
Paulian, R. 1961, La zoographie de Madagascar et des iles voisines. L’Institut de Recherche Scientifique Tananarive-Tsimbazaza. Antananarivo.
Paulian, R. 1984, Introduction to the mammals, in: Jolly, A., Oberle, P., and Albignac, R., eds., Key Environments: Madagascar, Pergamon Press, Oxford. pp. 151–154.
Peres, C. A. and Janson, C. H. 1999, Species coexistence, distribution, and environmental determinants of neotropical primate richness: A community-level zoogeographic analysis, in: Fleagle, J. G., Janson, C. H., and Reed, K. E., eds., Primate Communities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 55–74.
Perrier de la Bathie, H. 1936, Biogéographie des Plantes à Madagascar, Société d’Editions Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales, Paris.
Pianka, E. R. 1994, Evolutionary Ecology, Harper Collins College Publishers, New York. p. 486.
Rapoport, E. H. 1982, Areography. Geographical Strategies of Species, Pergamon Press, Oxford. p. 269.
Ratsimbazafy, J. H. 2002, On the Brink of Extinction and the Process of Recovery: Responses of Black and White Ruffed Lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) to Disturbance in Manombo Forest, Madagascar. Ph.D. dissertation, SUNY Stony Brook, New York, p. 190.
Raxworthy, C. J. 2003, Introduction to the Reptiles, in: Goodman, S. M. and J. P. Benstead, eds., The Natural History of Madagascar, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 934–949.
Raxworthy, C. J. and Nussbaum, R. A. 1994, A rainforest survey of amphibians, reptiles and small mammals at Montagne D’Ambre, Madagascar. Bio. Cons. 69:65–73.
Raxworthy, C. J. and Nussbaum, R. A. 1996, Amphibians and reptiles of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andringitra, Madagascar: A study of elevational distribution and regional endemicity. Field. Zool. 85:158–170.
Raxworthy, C. J., Andreone, F., Nussbaum, R. A., Rabibisoa, N., and Randriamahazo, H. 1998, Amphibians and reptiles of the Anjanaharibe-Sud Massif, Madagascar: Elevational distribution and regional endemicity. Field. Zool. 90:79–92.
Raxworthy, C. J., Forstner, M. R. J., and Nussbaum, R. A. 2002, Chameleon radiation by oceanic dispersal. Nature 415:784–787.
Reed, K. E. and Fleagle, J. G. 1995, Geographic and climatic control of primate diversity. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 92:7874–7876.
Ricklefs, R. E. and Schluter, D. 1993, Species Diversity in Ecological Communities, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. p. 414.
Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995, Species Diversity in Space and Time, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p. 436.
Ruggiero, A. 1994, Latitudinal correlates of the sizes of mammalian geographical ranges in South America. J. Biogeo. 21:545–559.
Schmid, J. and Smolker, R. 1998, Lemurs of the Réserve Spéciale d’Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 90:227–238.
Simons, E. L. 1997, Lemurs: old and new, in: Goodman, S. M. and Patterson, B. D., eds., Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC pp.142–166.
Smith, A. P., Horning, N., and Moore, D. 1997, Regional biodiversity planning and lemur conservation with GIS in western Madagascar. Cons. Biol. 11:498–512.
Stephenson, P. J., Randriamahazo, H., Rakotoarison, N., and Racey, P. A. 1994, Conservation of mammalian species diversity in Ambohitantely Special Réserve, Madagascar. Biol. Cons. 69:213–218.
Sterling, E. J. and Ramaroson, M. G. 1996, Rapid assessment of the primate fauna of the eastern slopes of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andringitra, Madagascar. Field. Zool. 85:293–305.
Stevens, G. C. 1989, The latitudinal gradient in geographical range: how many species coexist in the tropics. Am. Nat. 13:240–256.
Tan, C. L. 1999, Group composition, home range size, and diet of three sympatric bamboo lemur species (Genus Hapalemur) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 20:547–566.
Tattersall, I. 1982, The Primates of Madagascar, Columbia University Press, New York. p. 382.
Terborgh, J., and Winter, B. 1980, Some causes of extinction, in: Soule, M. E., and Wilcox, B. A., eds., Conservation biology, an evolutionary-ecological approach, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 119–133.
Wallace, A. R. 1876, The Geographical Distribution of Animals, MacMillan, London. p. 607.
White, F. 1983, The Vegetation of Africa, UNESCO, Paris.
Wilmé, L. 1996, Composition and characteristics of bird communities in Madagascar, in: Lourenco, W. R., ed., Biogeographie de Madagascar, Museum Orstom, Paris. pp. 349–362.
Wright, D. H., Currie, D. J., and Maurer, B. A. 1993, Energy supply and patterns of species richness on local and regional scales, in: Ricklefs, R. E. and Schluter, D., eds., Species Diversity in Ecological Communities, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. pp. 66–74.
Wright, P. C. 1997, The Future of Biodiversity in Madagascar: A View from Ranomafana National Park, in: S. M. Goodman and Patterson, B. D., eds., Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC pp. 381–405.
Wright, P. C. 1999a, Lemur traits and Madagascar ecology: Coping with an island environment. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 42:31–72.
Wright, P. C. 1999b, The future of primate communities: A reflection of the present? in: Fleagle, J. G., Janson, C. H., and Reed, K. E., eds., Primate Communities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 295–309.
Wright, P. C. and Jernvall, J. 1999, The future of primate communities: a reflection of the present? in: Fleagle, J. G., Janson, C., and Reed, K., eds., Primate communities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 295–309.
Yoder, A. D. 2003, Phylogeny of the Lemurs, in: Goodman, S. M. and Patterson, B. D., eds., Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. pp. 1242–1247.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stevens, N.J., O’Connor, P.M. (2006). Abiotic and Biotic Factors as Predictors of Species Richness on Madagascar. In: Primate Biogeography. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31710-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31710-4_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-29871-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-31710-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)