Abstract
Previous investigators have suggested the existence of “CO2 sensors” in the lung and an important role of these receptors in detecting the increase in venous CO2 flux and in regulating ventilatory response to meet the metabolic demand during exercise (38). However, no direct and definitive evidence has been established in identifying the CO2 receptor in the lung.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adriaensen D, Timmermans JP, Brouns I, Berthoud HR, Neuhuber WL, and Scheuermann DW. Pulmonary intraepithelial vagal nodose afferent nerve terminals are confined to neuroepithelial bodies: an anterograde tracing and confocal microscopy study in adult rats. Celi Tissue Res 293: 395–405, 1998.
Agostoni E, Chinnock JE, De Daly MB, and Murray JG. Functional and histological studies of the vagus nerve and its branches to the heart, lungs and abdominal viscera in the cat. J Physiol 135: 182–205, 1957.
Baluk P, Nadel JA, and McDonald, DM. Substance P-immunoreactive sensory axons in the rat respiratory tract: a quantitative study of their distribution and role in neurogenic inflammation. J Comp Neurol 319: 586–598, 1992.
Brodwick MS and Eaton DC. Sodium channel inactivation in squid axon is removed by high internal pH or tyrosine-specific reagents. Science 200: 1494–1496, 1978.
Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, and Julius D. The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 389: 816–824, 1997.
Coleridge JC and Coleridge HM. Afferent vagal C fibre innervation of the lungs and airways and its functional significance. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 99: 1–110, 1984.
Coyle AJ, Perretti F, Manzini S, and Irvin CG. Cationic protein-induced sensory nerve activation: role of substance P in airway hyperresponsiveness and plasma protein extravasation. J Clin Invest 94: 2301–2306, 1994.
Crone C and Levitt DG. Capillary permeability to small solutes. In: Handbook of Physiology. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc, 1984, sect. 2, vol. IV, chapt. 10, p. 411–466.
Delpierre S, Grimaud C, Jammes Y, and Mei N. Changes in activity of vagal broncho-pulmonary C fibres by chemical and physical stimuli in the cat. J Physiol 316: 61–74, 1981.
Gordon T, Venugopalan CS, Amdur MO, and Drazen JM. Ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity in the guinea pig. J Appl Physiol 57: 1034–1038, 1984.
Gu Q and Lee LY. Hypersensitivity of pulmonary C fibre afferents induced by cationic proteins in the rat. J Physiol 537: 887–897, 2001.
Gu Q, Ruan T, Hong JL, Burki N, and Lee LY. Hypersensitivity of pulmonary C-fibers induced by adenosine in anesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol 95: 1315–1324, 2003.
Heming TA, Stabenau EK, Vanoye CG, Moghadasi H, and Bidani A. Roles of intra- and extracellular carbonic anhydrase in alveolar-capillary CO2 equilibration. J Appl Physiol 77: 697–705, 1994.
Ho CY, Gu Q, Hong JL, and Lee LY. Prostaglandin E2 enhances chemical and mechanical sensitivities of pulmonary C-fibers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: 528–533, 2000.
Ho CY and Lee LY. Ozone enhances excitabilities of pulmonary C-fibers to chemical and mechanical stimuli in anesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol 85: 1509–1515, 1998.
Holtzman MJ, Cunningham JH, Sheller JR, Irsigler GB, Nadel JA, and Boushey HA. Effect on ozone on bronchial reactivity in atopic and nonatopic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 120: 1059–1067, 1979.
Holtzman MJ, Fabbri LM, O'Byrne PM, Gold BD, Aizawa H, Walters EH, Alpert SE, and Nadel JA. Importance of airway inflammation for hyperresponsiveness induced by ozone. Am Rev Respir Dis 127: 686–690, 1983.
Holtzman MJ. Sources of inflammatory mediators in the lung: the role of epithelial and leukocyte pathways for arachidonic acid oxygenation. In: Lung Biology in Health and Disease Series. Mediators of Pulmonary Inflation, edited by Bray MA and Anderson WH. New York: Dekker, 1991, vol. 54, chapt. 6, p. 279–325.
Hong JL, Kwong K, and Lee LY. Stimulation of pulmonary C fibres by lactic acid in rats: contributions of H+ and lactate ions. J Physiol 500: 319–329, 1997.
Hong JL, Ho CY, Kwong K, and Lee LY. Activation of pulmonary C fibres by adenosine in anaesthetized rats: role of adenosine A1 receptors. J Physiol (Lond) 508: 109–118, 1998.
Kollarik M and Undem BJ. Mechanisms of acid-induced activation of airway afferent nerve fibres in guinea-pig. J Physiol 543: 591–600, 2002.
Kwong K and Lee LY. PGE2 sensitizes cultured pulmonary vagal sensory neurons to chemical and electrical stimuli. J Appl Physiol 93: 1419–1428, 2002.
Lee LY, and Morton RF. Pulmonary Chemoreflexes are potentiated by Prostaglandin E2 in anesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol 79: 1679–1686, 1995.
Lee LY, Morton RF, and Lundberg JM. Pulmonary chemoreflexes elicited by intravenous injection of lactic acid in anesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol 81: 2349–2357, 1996.
Lee LY and Pisarri TE. Afferent properties and reflex functions of bronchopulmonary C-fibers. Respir Physiol 125: 47–65, 2001.
Lee LY and Undem BJ. Bronchopulmonary vagal sensory nerves. Chapter 11 in: Advances in Vagal Afferent Neurobiology. Ed. by Undem BJ and Weinreich D. Frontiers in Neuroscience Series, CRC Press, 2005.
Lin RL, Gu Q, Lin YS, and Lee LY. Stimulatory effect of CO2 on vagal bronchopulmonary C-fiber afferents during airway inflammation. J Appl Physiol (In press, 2005)
Nyce JW and Metzger WJ. DNA antisense therapy for asthma in an animal model. Nature 385: 721–725, 1997.
Phillipson E A, Fishman NH, Hickey RF, and Nadel JA. Effect of differential vagal blockade on ventilatory response to CO2 in awake dogs. J Appl Physiol 34: 759–763, 1973.
Polosa R, Rorke S, and Holgate ST. Evolving concepts on the value of adenosine hyperresponsiveness in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 57: 649–654, 2002.
Qu Z, Zhu G, Yang Z, Cui N, Li Y, Chanchevalap S, Sulaiman S, Haynie H, and Jiang C. Identification of a critical motif responsible for gating of Kir2.3 channel by intracellular protons. J Biol Chem 274: 13783–13789, 1999.
Russell NJW, Raybould HE, and Trenchard D. Role of vagal C-fiber afferents in respiratory response to hypercapnia. J Appl Physio 56: 1550–1558, 1984.
Tucker SJ, Gribble FM, Zhao C, Trapp S, and Ashcroft FM. Truncation of Kir6.2 produces ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the absence of the sulphonylurea receptor. Nature 387: 179–83, 1997.
Uchida DA, Ackerman SJ, Coyle AJ, Larsen GL, Weller PF, Freed J, and Irvin CG. The effect of human eosinophil granule major basic protein on airway responsiveness in the rat in vivo. A comparison with polycations. Am Rev Respir Dis 147: 982–988, 1993.
Voilley N, de Weille J, Mamet J, and Lazdunski M. Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit both the activity and the inflammation-induced expression of acid-sensing ion channels in nociceptors. J Neurosci 21: 8026–8033, 2001.
Waldmann R, Champigny G, Bassilana F, Heurteaux C, and Lazdunski M. A proton-gated cation channel involved in acid-sensing. Nature 386: 173–177, 1997.
Waldmann R, Bassilana F, de Weille J, Champigny G, Heurteaux C, and Lazdunski M. Molecular cloning of a non-inactivating proton-gated Na+ channel specific for sensory neurons. J Biol Chem 272: 20975–20978, 1997.
Wanke E, Carbone E, and Testa PL. K+ conductance modified by a titratable group accessible to protons from intracellular side of the squid axon membrane. Biophys J 26: 319–324, 1979.
Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Casaburi R, and Beaver WL. Carbon dioxide flow and exercise hyperpnea. Cause and effect. Am Rev Resp Dis 115: 225–237, 1977.
Wu ZX, Morton RF, and Lee LY. Role of tachykinins in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to cigarette smoke in guinea pigs. J Appl Physiol 83: 958–965, 1997.
Xu H, Cui N, Yang Z, Qu Z, and Jiang C. Modulation of Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 by hypercapnia and intracellular acidosis. J Physiol (Lond) 524: 725–735, 2000.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer
About this paper
Cite this paper
LEE, L., LIN, R., HO, C., GU, Q., HONG, J. (2006). Are There “CO2 Sensors” in the Lung?. In: Hayashida, Y., Gonzalez, C., Kondo, H. (eds) THE ARTERIAL CHEMORECEPTORS. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, vol 580. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31311-7_44
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31311-7_44
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-31310-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-31311-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)