Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abrahamsson, M., Andersson, A. K., & Sjostrand, J. (1990). A longitudinal study of a population based sample of astigmatic children I. Refraction and amblyopia II. The changeability of anisometropia (Fabian). Acta Ophthalmologica Copenhagen, 68, 428–434.
Albus, K., & Wolf, W. (1984). Early postnatal development of neuronal function in the kitten’s visual cortex: a laminar analysis. Journal of Physiology, 348, 153–185.
Awaya, S., Sugawara, M., & Miyake, S. (1979). Observations in patients with occlusion amblyopia. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society (UK), 99, 447–454.
Banks, M. S., Aslin, R. N., & Letson, R. D. (1975). Sensitive period for the development of human binocular vision. Science, 190, 675–677.
Beaver, C. J., Ji, Q.-H., & Daw, N. W. (2001). Layer differences in the effect of monocular vision in light-and dark-reared kittens. Visual Neuroscience, 18, 811–820.
Birch, E. E. (1993). Stereopsis in infants and its developmental relation to visual acuity. In K. Simons (Ed.), Early visual development, normal and abnormal (pp. 224–236). New York: Oxford University Press.
Birch, E. E., Fawcett, S., & Stager, D. R. (2000a). Why does early surgical alignment improve stereoacuity outcomes in infantile esotropia? Journal American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 4, 10–14.
Birch, E. E., Fawcett, S., & Stager, D. R. (2000b). Co-development of VEP motion response and binocular vision in normal infants and infantile esotropes. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 41, 1719–1723.
Birch, E. E., Shimojo, S., & Held, R. (1985). Preferential-looking assessment of fusion and stereopsis in infants aged 1–6 months. Investigative Ophthalmology, 26, 366–370.
Birch, E. E., Stager, D. R., Leffler, J., & Weakley, D. R. (1998). Early treatment of congenital unilateral cataract minimizes unequal competition. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 39, 1560–1566.
Birnbaum, M. H., Koslowe, K., & Sanet, R. (1977). Success in amblyopia therapy as a function of age: a literature survey. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 54, 269–275.
Blakemore, C., & Van Sluyters, R. C. (1974). Reversal of the physiological effects of monocular deprivation in kittens: further evidence for a sensitive period. Journal of Physiology, 237, 195–216.
Bourron-Madignier, M., Cypres, C., & Vettard, S. (1987). Study of optokinetic nystagmus in children. Bulletin des Societes d’Ophtalmologie de France, 87, 1269–1272.
Brosnahan, D., Norcia, A. M., Schor, C., & Taylor, D. G. (1998). OKN, perceptual and VEP direction biases in strabismus. Vision Research, 38, 2833–2840.
Chapman, B., & Stryker, M. P. (1993). Development of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex and effects of deprivation. Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 5251–5262.
Cleland, B. G., Mitchell, D. E., Crewther, S. G., & Crewther, D. P. (1980). Visual resolution of retinal ganglion cells in monocularly deprived cats. Brain Research, 192, 261–266.
Crowley, J. C., & Katz, L. C. (2000). Early development of ocular dominance columns. Science, 290, 1321–1325.
Cynader, M. S., & Mitchell, D. E. (1980). Prolonged sensitivity to monocular deprivation in darkreared cats. Journal of Neurophysiology, 43, 1026–1040.
Darian-Smith, C., & Gilbert, C. D. (1994). Axonal sprouting accompanies functional reorganization in adult cat striate cortex. Nature, 368, 737–740.
Daw, N. W. (1994). Mechanisms of plasticity in the visual cortex. Investigative Ophthalmology, 35, 4168–4179.
Daw, N. W. (2003). Critical periods in the visual system. In B. Hopkins & S. P. Johnson (Eds.), Neurobiology of infant vision (pp. 43–103). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Daw, N. W., & Wyatt, H. J. (1976). Kittens reared in a unidirectional environment: evidence for a critical period. Journal of Physiology, 257, 155–170.
Daw, N.W., Baysinger, K. J., & Parkinson, D. (1987). Increased levels of testosterone have little effect on visual cortical plasticity in the kitten. Journal of Neurobiology, 18, 141–154.
Daw, N. W., Berman, N. J., & Ariel, M. (1978). Interaction of critical periods in the visual cortex of kittens. Science, 199, 565–567.
Daw, N. W., Fox, K. D., Sato, H., & Czepita, D. (1992). Critical period for monocular deprivation in the cat visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 67, 197–202.
Daw, N. W., Sato, H., Fox, K. D., Carmichael, T., & Gingerich, R. (1991). Cortisol reduces plasticity in the kitten visual cortex. Journal of Neurobiology, 22, 158–168.
Demer, J. L., & Von Noorden, G. K. (1988). Optokinetic asymmetry in esotropia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 25, 286–292.
Derrington, A. M., & Hawken, M. J. (1981). Spatial and temporal properties of cat geniculate neurones after prolonged deprivation. Journal of Physiology, 316, 1–10.
Dobson, V., & Sebris, S. L. (1989). Longitudinal study of acuity and stereopsis in infants with or at-risk for esotropia. Investigative Ophthalmology, 30, 1146–1158.
Eizenman, M., Westfall, C. A., Geer, I., Smith, K., Chatterjee, S., Panton, C. M., Kraft, S. P., & Skarf, B. (1999). Electrophysiological evidence of cortical fusion in children with early-onset esotropia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 40, 354–362.
El Mallah, M. K., Chakravarthy, U., & Hart, P. M. (2000). Amblyopia: is visual loss permanent? British Journal of Ophthalmology, 84, 952–956.
Epelbaum, M., Milleret, C., Buisseret, P., & Dufier, J. L. (1993). The sensitive period for strabismic amblyopia in humans. Ophthalmology, 100, 323–327.
Fagiolini, M., Pizzorusso, T., Berardi, N., Domenici, L., & Maffei, L. (1994). Functional postnatal development of the rat primary visual cortex and the role of visual experience: dark rearing and monocular deprivation. Vision Research, 34, 709–720.
Fawcett, S., & Birch, E. E. (2000). Motion VEPs, stereopsis, and bifoveal fusion in children with strabismus. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 41, 411–416.
Fawcett, S., Leffler, J., & Birch, E. E. (2000). Factors influencing stereoacuity in accommodative esotropia. Journal American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 4, 15–20.
Freeman, A. W., Nguyen, V. A., & Jolly, N. (1996). Components of visual acuity loss in strabismus. Vision Research, 36, 765–774.
Giffin, F., & Mitchell, D. E. (1978). The rate of recovery of vision after early monocular deprivation in kittens. Journal of Physiology, 274, 511–537.
Gilbert, C. D., & Wiesel, T. N. (1992). Receptive field dynamics in adult primary visual cortex. Nature, 356, 150–152.
Gordon, J. A., & Stryker, M. P. (1996). Experience-dependent plasticity of binocular responses in the primary visual cortex of the mouse. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 3274–3286.
Guillery, R. W., & Stelzner, D. J. (1970). The differential effects of unilateral eye closure on the monocular and binocular segments of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 139, 413–422.
Guire, E. S., Lickey, M. E., & Gordon, B. (1999). Critical period for the monocular deprivation effect in rats: assessment with sweep visually evoked potentials. Journal of Neurophysiology, 81, 121–128.
Hamer, R. D., Norcia, A. M., Orel-Bixler, D., & Hoyt, C. S. (1993). Motion VEPs in late-onset esotropia. Clinical Vision Sciences, 8, 55–62.
Hardman Lea, S. J., Loades, J., & Rubinstein, M. P. (1989). The sensitive period for anisometropic amblyopia. Eye, 3, 783–790.
Harwerth, R. S., Smith, E. L., Duncan, G. C., Crawford, M. J., & Von Noorden, G. K. (1986). Multiple sensitive periods in the development of the primate visual system. Science, 232, 235–238.
Helveston, E. M. (1993). The origins of congenital esotropia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 30, 215–232.
Horton, J. C., & Hocking, D. R. (1996). An adult-like pattern of ocular dominance columns in striate cortex of newborn monkeys prior to visual experience. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 1791–1807.
Horton, J. C., & Hocking, D. R. (1997). Timing of the critical period for plasticity of ocular dominance columns in macaque striate cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 3684–3709.
Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1970). The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. Journal of Physiology, 206, 419–436.
Ing, M. R. (1983). Early surgical alignment for congenital esotropia. Ophthalmology, 90, 132–135.
Issa, N. P., Trachtenberg, J. T., Chapman, B., Zahs, K. R., & Stryker, M. P. (1999). The critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in the ferret’s visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 6965–6978.
Jones, K. R., Spear, P. D., & Tong, L. (1984). Critical periods for effects on monocular deprivation: differences between striate and extrastriate cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 4, 2543–2552.
Keech, R. V., & Kutsche, P. J. (1995). Upper age limit for the development of amblyopia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 32, 89–93.
LeVay, S., Wiesel, T. N., & Hubel, D. H. (1980). The development of ocular dominance columns in normal and visually deprived monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 191, 1–51.
Levi, D. M., & Klein, S. (1982). Hyperacuity and amblyopia. Nature, 298, 268–270.
Liao, D. S., Krahe, T., Prusky, G. T., Medina, A. E., & Ramoa, A. S. (2004). Recovery of cortical binocularity and orientation selectivity after the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 92, 2113–2121.
Mason, A. J. S., Braddick, O. J., Wattam-Bell, J., & Atkinson, J. (2001). Directional motion asymmetry in infant VEPs—which direction? Vision Research, 41, 201–211.
Maurer, D., & Lewis, T. L. (1993). Visual outcomes after infantile cataract. In K Simons (Ed.), Early visual development, normal and abnormal (pp. 454–484). New York: Oxford University Press.
Meyer, E., Mizrahi, E., & Perlman, I. (1991). Amblyopia success index: a new method of quantitative assessment of treatment efficiency; application in a study of 473 anisometropic amblyopic patients. Binocular Vision Quarterly, 6, 83–90.
Mitchell, D. E. (1988). The extent of visual recovery from early monocular or binocular visual deprivation in kittens. Journal of Physiology, 395, 639–660.
Mitchell, D. E. (1991). The long-term effectiveness of different regimens of occlusion on recovery from early monocular deprivation in kittens. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society. Series B. Biological sciences, 333, 51–79.
Mower, G. D. (1991). The effect of dark rearing on the time course of the critical period in cat visual cortex. Developmental Brain Research, 58, 151–158.
Mower, G. D., Caplan, C. J., Christen, W. G., & Duffy, F. H. (1985). Dark rearing prolongs physiological but not anatomical plasticity of the cat visual cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 235, 448–466.
Norcia, A. M. (1996). Abnormal motion processing and binocularity: infantile esotropia as a model system for effects of early interruptions of binocularity. Eye, 10, 259–265.
Norcia, A. M., Hamer, R. D., & Jampolsky, A. (1995). Plasticity of human motion processing mechanisms following surgery for infantile esotropia. Vision Research, 35, 3279–3296.
Olson, C. R., & Freeman, R. D. (1975). Progressive changes in kitten striate cortex during monocular vision. Journal of Neurophysiology, 38, 26–32.
Olson, C. R., & Freeman, R. D. (1980). Profile of the sensitive period for monocular deprivation in kittens. Experimental Brain Research, 39, 17–21.
Parks, M. M. (1984). Congenital esotropia with a bifixation result: report of a case. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 58, 109–114.
Pasino, L., & Cordella, M. (1959). Il comportamento della difficoltà di separazione durante il trattamento dell’ambliopia strabica. Istituto di clinica oculistica dell’università di Sassari, 25, 111–115.
Pettet, M. W., & Gilbert, C. D. (1992). Dynamic changes in receptive-field size in cat primary visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 8366–8370.
Pham, T. A., Graham, S. J., Suzuki, S., Barco, A., Kandel, E. R., Gordon, B., & Lickey, M. E. (2004). A semi-persistent adult ocular dominance plasticity in visual cortex is stabilized by activated CREB. Learning and Memory, 11, 738–747.
Rodman, H. R. (1994). Development of inferior temporal cortex in the monkey. Cerebral Cortex, 5, 484–498.
Sawtell, N. B., Frenkel, M. Y., Philpot, B. D., Nakazawa, K., Tonegawa, S., & Bear, M. F. (2003). NMDA receptor-dependent ocular dominance plasticity in adult visual cortex. Neuron, 38, 977–985.
Shapley, R. M., & So, Y. T. (1980). Is there an effect of monocular deprivation on the proportion of X and Y cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus? Experimental Brain Research, 39, 41–48.
Shatz, C. J., & Stryker, M. P. (1978). Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat’s visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation. Journal of Physiology, 281, 267–283.
Sherman, S. M., & Stone, J. (1973). Physiological normality of the retina in visually deprived cats. Brain Research, 60, 224–230.
Stager, D. R., & Birch, E. E. (1986). Preferential-looking acuity and stereopsis in infantile esotropia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmoglogy and Strabismus, 23, 160–165.
Stuart, J. A., & Burian, H. M. (1962). A study of separation difficulty. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 53, 471–477.
Swindale, N. V., Vital-Durand, F., & Blakemore, C. (1981). Recovery from monocular deprivation in the monkey. III. Reversal of anatomical effects in the visual cortex. Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B. Biological sciences, 213, 435–450.
Taylor, D. M. (1972). Is congenital esotropia functionally curable? Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 70, 529–576.
Tierney, D.W. (1989). Vision recovery in amblyopia after contralateral subretinal hemorrhage. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 60, 281–283.
Timney, B. N. (1981). Development of binocular depth perception in kittens. Investigative Ophthalmology, 21, 493–496.
Vaegan & Taylor, D. (1979). Critical period for deprivation amblyopia in children. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society (UK), 99, 432–439.
Vereecken, E. P., & Brabant, P. (1984). Prognosis for vision in amblyopia after loss of the good eye. Archives of Ophthalmology, 102, 220–224.
Von Noorden, G. K. (1981). New clinical aspects of stimulus deprivation amblyopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 92, 416–421.
Von Noorden, G. K. (1988). A reassessment of infantile esotropia. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 105, 1–10.
Von Noorden, G. K. (1990). Binocular vision and ocular motility. St. Louis: Mosby.
Wick, B., Wingard, M., Cotter, S., & Scheiman, M. (1992). Anisometropic amblyopia: is the patient ever too old to treat? Optometry and Vision Science, 69, 866–878.
Wiesel, T. N., & Hubel, D. H. (1963a). Single cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. Journal of Neurophysiology, 26, 1003–1017.
Wiesel, T. N., & Hubel, D. H. (1963b). Effects of visual deprivation on morphology and physiology of cells in the cat’s lateral geniculate body. Journal of Neurophysiology, 26, 978–993.
Wilson, M. E. (1992). Adult amblyopia reversed by contralateral cataract formation. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 29, 100–102.
Wright, K. W., Edelman, P. M., McVey, J. H., Terry, A. P., & Lin, M. (1994). High-grade stereo acuity after early surgery for congenital esotropia. Archives of Ophthalmology, 112, 913–919.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2006). Critical Periods. In: Visual Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30484-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30484-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-25371-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-30484-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)