This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
7.0 References
Anon., 2001, 2000 Irrigation Survey. Irrigation J. 51:1–17.
Abbaszadegan, M., LeChevallier, M., and Gerba, C. P., 2003, Occurrence of viruses in US groundwater. J. Am.Water Works Assoc. 95:107–120.
Alum, A., 2001, Control of viral contamination of reclaimed water irrigated vegetables by drip irrigation. Ph.D. diss., University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Arizona Farm Bureau, 2003, Arizona Agricultural Statistics. Arizona Farm Bureau, Phoenix, AZ.
Asano, T., 1998, Wastewater and Reclamation Reuse. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA.
Borchardt, M. A., Bertz, P. D., Spencer, S. K., and Battiagelli, D. A., 2003, Incidence of enteric viruses in groundwater from household wells in Wisconsin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:1172–1180.
CDC, 2003, Hepatitis A outbreak associated with green onions at a restaurant-Monaca, Pennsylvania, 2003. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 52:1155–1157.
Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2002, Outbreak Alert. CSPI, Washington, DC.
Choi, C., Song, I., Stine, S., Pimentel, J., and Gerba, C. P., 2004, Role of irrigation and wastewater: comparison of subsurface irrigation and furrow irrigation. Water Sci. Technol. 50:61–68.
Dentinger C., Bower, W. A., Nainan, O. V., Cotter, S. M., Myers, G., Dubusky, L. M., Fowler, S., Salehi, E. D., and Bell, B. P., 2001, An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with green onions. J. Infect. Dis. 183:1273–1276.
EPA, 1973, Water Quality Criteria. Ecological Research Series, EPA R3-73-033, Washington, DC.
Geldreich, E. E., and Bordner, R. H., 1971, Fecal contamination of fruits and vegetables during cultivation and processing for market. J. Milk Food Technol. 34:184–198.
Kayed, D., 2004, Microbial quality of irrigation water used in the production of fresh produce in Arizona. Ph.D. diss., University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Mara, D., and Cairncross, S., 1989, Guidelines for the Safe use of Wastewater and Excreta Agriculture and Aquaculture. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Oron, G., Goemans, M., Manor, Y., and Feyen, J., 1995, Poliovirus distribution in the soil-plant system under reuse of secondary wastewater. Water Res. 29:1069–1078.
Petterson, S. R., Teunis, P. F., and Ashbolt, N. J., 2001, Modelling virus inactivation on salad crops using microbial count data. Risk Anal. 21:1097–1108.
Regli, S., Rose, J.B., Haas, C.N., and Gerba, C. P., 1991, Modeling the risk from Giardia and viruses in drinking water. J. Am.Water Works Assoc. 88:76–84.
Sadovski, A.Y., Fattal, B., Goldberg, D., Katzenelson, E., and Shuval, H. I., 1978, High levels of microbial contamination of vegetables irrigated with wastewater by the drip method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:824–830.
Seymour, I. J., and Appleton, H., 2001, Foodborne viruses and fresh produce. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91:759–773.
Shanan, L., 1998, Irrigation development: proactive planning and interactive management, in: The Arid Frontier (H. Bruins and L. Harvey, eds.), Kluwer Academic Press, London.
Sivapalasingam, S., Friedman, C. R., Cohen, L., and Tauxe, R.V., 2004, Fresh produce: a growing cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, 1973 through 1997. J. Food Protect. 67:2342–2353.
Steele, M., and Odumeru, J., 2004, Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables. J. Food Protect. 67:2839–2849.
Stine, S.W., Song, I., Choi, C. Y., and Gerba, C. P., 2005a, Microbial risks from application of pesticide sprays to fresh produce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 68:1352–1358.
Stine, S.W., Song, I., Pimentel, J., Choi, C. Y., and Gerba, C. P., 2005b, The effect of relative humidity on pre-harvest survival of bacterial and viral pathogens on the surface of cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell pepper. J. Food Protect. 68:913–918.
Stine, S.W., Song, I., Choi, C.Y., and Gerba, C. P., 2005c, Application of microbial risk assessment to the development of standards for enteric pathogens in water used to irrigate fresh produce. J. Food. Protect. (in press).
Tierney, J. T., Sullivan, R., and Larkin, E. P., 1977, Persistence of poliovirus 1 in soil and on vegetables grown in soil previously flooded with inoculated sewage sludge or effluent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:109–113.
USDA, 1998, Available at http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census97/fris/fris.htm.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gerba, C.P., Choi, C.Y. (2006). Role of Irrigation Water in Crop Contamination by Viruses. In: Goyal, S.M. (eds) Viruses in Foods. Food Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29251-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29251-9_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-28935-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-29251-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)