Skip to main content

Affect and Early Moral Socialization: Some Insights and Contributions from Indigenous Psychological Studies in Taiwan

  • Chapter
Indigenous and Cultural Psychology

Part of the book series: International and Cultural Psychology ((ICUP))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Barrett, K. C. (1995). A functionalist approach to shame and guilt. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions (pp. 25–63). New York: Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, J. (1970). Never in anger: Portrait of an Eskimo family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, H. C. (1997). Language and words: Communication in the Analects of Confucius. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16, 107–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111–1119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, R. K. (1995). Chinese and European American cultural models of self reflected in mothers’ child-rearing beliefs. Ethos, 23, 328–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, R. K. (1996). Chinese and European American mothers’ beliefs about the role of parenting in children’s school success. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 403–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S. W. (1991). On the cross-culturability of moral judgment development. In C. F. Yang & H. S. R. Kao (Eds.), Chinese people, Chinese minds (pp. 333–400). Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan Liu. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, C. L. (1972). On the same orientation of the Chinese from the interrelationship among society, individual, and culture. In Y. Y. Lee & K. S. Yang (Eds.), Symposium on the character of the Chinese: An interdisciplinary approach (pp. 85–125). Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, C. R. L. (1987). Chinese social interactions: The operation of face. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 11, 23–53. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, C. R. L. (1988). Face and achievement: Social-oriented motivation. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 31, 79–90. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, C. R. L. (1989). The pressure of “face” and its attributions and reactions. In K. S. Yang & K. K. Hwang (Eds.), Chinese psychology and behaviors (pp. 177–212). Taipei, Taiwan: Gui Guan. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Creighton, M. R. (1990). Revisiting shame and guilt cultures: A forty-year pilgrimage. Ethos, 18, 279–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farh, J. L. & Cheng, B. S. (1999). A cultural analysis of paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations. In J. T. Li, A. S. Tsui, & E. Weldon (Eds.), Management and organizations in the Chinese context (pp. 84–127). London: MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farh, J. L. & Cheng, B. S. (2000). Paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations: Analysis from a cultural perspective. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 13, 127–180. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu, B. Y. & Lei, T. (1991). The development of social thoughts in Hong Kong and Taiwan. In C. F. Yang & H. S. R. Kao (Eds.), Chinese people, Chinese minds (pp. 213–304). Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan Liu. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, H. (1994). The socialization of shame in young Chinese children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, H. (1999). Becoming a moral child: The socialization of shame among young Chinese children. Ethos, 27, 180–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, H. (2001, June). Why do Taiwanese parents “shame” their children? Understanding developing selves in socio-cultural contexts. Paper presented at the 2nd International Social Anthropology Conference, Brunel University and the Royal Anthropological Institute, West London, United Kingdom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, H., & Chen, E. C. H. (2001). Across time and beyond skin: Self and transgression in the everyday socialization of shame among Taiwanese preschool children. Social Development, 10, 419–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, H., & Chen, E. C. H. (2002). Affect, culture, and moral socialization: Shame as an example. To appear in T. L. Hu, M. T. Hsu, & K. H. Yeh (Eds.), Emotion, affect, and culture (pp. 17–48). Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, H., Leung, K. W., & Yeh, Y. H. (1998, July). Growing up the Confucian way: Child-rearing beliefs and practices in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Poster session presented at the biennial meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, Bern, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, H., Lieber, E., & Leung, P. W. L. (2003). Parental beliefs on shame and moral socialization in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States. In K. S. Yang, K. K. Hwang, Pedersen, P. B. & I. Daibo (Eds.), Progress in Asian social psychology: Conceptual and empirical contributions (pp. 83–109). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, H., Miller, P. J., & Lin, L. C. (2004). Listening is active: Lessons from the narrative practices of Taiwanese families. In M. W. Pratt & B. E. Fiese (Eds.), Family stories and the life course: Across time and generations (pp. 303–323). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrenya, W. K., & Hwang, K. K. (1996). Chinese social interaction: Harmony and hierarchy on the good earth. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 309–321). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. (1984). “From the native’s point of view”: On the nature of anthropological understanding. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 123–136). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C. & Schnell, S. V. (1985). Moral development “versus” socialization: A critique. American Psychologist, 10, 1071–1080.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C. (1991a). Toward an integration of Kohlberg’s and Hoffman’s moral development theories. Human Development, 34, 88–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C. (1991b). Toward an integration of Kohlberg’s and Hoffman’s theories of morality. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development, Vol. 1: Theory (pp. 183–222). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Internalization of values: Model, review, and commentaries. Developmental Psychology, 30, 4–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Her, E. H. L. (1990). A phenomenological explication of shame in a shame culture: A cross-cultural perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, D. Y. F. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Society, 81, 867–884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, D. Y. F. (1986). Chinese patterns of socialization: A critical review. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 1–37). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, D. Y. F. (1994). Cognitive socialization in Confucian heritage cultures. In P. M. Greenfield & R. R. Cocking (Eds.), Cross-cultural roots of minority child development (pp. 285–313). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, D. Y. F. (1996). Filial piety and its psychological consequences. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 155–188). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1975). Development synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation. Developmental Psychology, 11, 605–622

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1982). Affect and moral development. In D. Cicchetti, & P. Hesse (Eds.), Emotional development (New Directions for Child Development No. 16, pp. 83–103). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization. In E. T. Higgins, D. Ruble, & W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development: A sociocultural perspective (pp. 236–274). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1984). Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior (pp. 103–131). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1987). The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment. In Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 47–80). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1991a). Commentary. Human Development, 34, 105–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1991b). Empathy, social cognition, and moral action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development, Vol.1: Theory (pp. 275–301). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (1994). Discipline and internalization. Developmental Psychology, 30, 26–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, R. (1975). Theoretical egocentrism and the problem of compliance. American Psychologist, 30, 533–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsia, H. C., Vera, H., & Berardo, F. M. (1999). Prolegomena for a sociological study of the Chinese family in indigenous terms. Journal of Family Issues, 20, 789–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, H. C. (1944). The Chinese concept of “face.” American Anthropologist, 46, 45–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, K. K. (1987). Face and favor: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 944–974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, K. K. (1997). Guanxi and mientze: Conflict resolution in Chinese society. Intercultural Communication Studies, VII(1), 17–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, K. K. (1998). Tow moralities:Reinterpreting the finding of empirical research on moral reasoning in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 211–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hymes, D. (1972). Models of the interaction of language and social life. In J. J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication (pp. 35–71). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karen, R. (1992). Shame. Atlantic, 269, 40–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilborne, B. (1995). Truths that cannot go naked: Shame in many forms. Psychiatry, 58, 278–297.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. Y. C., & Myers, J. T. (1977). Shame as an incomplete conception of Chinese culture: A study of face (Social Research Center Occasional Paper No. 63). Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G., & Aksan, N. (1995). Mother-child mutually positive affect, the quality of child compliance to requests and prohibitions, and maternal control as correlates of early internalization. Child Development, 66, 236–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G., Tjebkes, T. L., & Forman, D. R. (1998). Children’s emerging regulation of conduct: Restraint, compliance, and internalization from infancy to the second year. Child Development, 69, 1378–1389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347–480). Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckholn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, S., & Yeung, P. W. (1996). Understanding Chinese child development: The role of culture in socialization. In S. Lau (Ed.), Growing up the Chinese way: Chinese child and adolescent development (pp. 29–44). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lay, K. L., Liang, K. Y., Tang, C. A., & Wang, S. H. (1997a, May). The analytical framework and prevalence of parental use of negative language: Different perspectives between parents and children. Paper presented to the 4th Conference of Chinese Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lay, K. L., Wang, S. H., Soong, P., & Yang, W. M. (1997b, April). Verbal abuse in Chinese families: Its prevalence and consequences. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebra, T. S. (1971). The social mechanism of guilt and shame: The Japanese case. Anthropological Quarterly, 44, 241–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebra, T. S. (1983). Shame and guilt: A psychocultural view of the Japanese self. Ethos, 11, 192–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, T. (1984). A longitudinal study of moral judgment development in Taiwan: An interim report. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Asian Studies, 6, 49–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lei, T. (1994). Being and becoming moral in a Chinese culture: Unique or universal? Cross-Cultural Research, 28, 58–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. (1992). Shame: The exposed self. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. (2001). Chinese conceptualization of learning. Ethos, 29, 111–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. (2002). A cultural model of learning: Chinese “heart and mind for wanting to learn.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 246–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, W. Y., & Wang, C. W. (1995). Chinese parenting: A view of strict discipline or corporal punishment? Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 3, 1–57. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. H, & Liu, S. H. (2003). The role of the social psychologist in the benevolent authority and plurality of powers: Systems of historical affordance for authority. In K. S. Yang, K. K. Hwang, Pedersen, P. B. & I. Daibo (Eds.), Progress in Asian social psychology: Conceptual and empirical contributions (pp. 43–64). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, C. (1988). Unnatural emotions: Everyday sentiments on a Micronesian atoll and their challenge to Western theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, C., & White, G. M. (1986). The anthropology of emotions. Annual Review of Anthropology, 15, 405–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, H. K. (1998). Chinese affective and cognitive moral development: A seven developmental stage theory. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 7, 166–212 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mascolo, M. F., Fischer, K. W., & Li, J. (2003). Dynamic development of component systems of emotions: Pride, shame, and guilt in China and the United States. In R. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, and H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Sciences (pp. 375–408). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. J., Fung, H., & Mintz, J. (1996). Self-construction through narrative practices: A Chinese and American comparison of early socialization. Ethos, 24, 237–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. J., Sandel, T. L., Liang, C. H., & Fung, H. (2001). Narrating transgressions in Longwood: The discourses, meanings, and paradoxes of an American socializing practice. Ethos, 29, 159–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. J., & Sperry, L. L. (1986). The socialization of anger and aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. J., Wiley, A., Fung, H., & Liang, C. H. (1997). Personal storytelling as a medium of socialization in Chinese and American families. Child Development, 68, 557–568.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piers, G., & Singer, M. B. (1953). Shame and guilt: A psychoanalytic and a cultural study. New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosaldo, M. (1984). Toward an anthropology of self and feeling. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 137–157). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J., & Yik, M. (1996). Emotion among the Chinese. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology (pp. 166–188). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenhals, M. (1993). The paradox of power in a People’s Republic of China middle school. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, P. R., Wu, S., & Schwartz, J. C. (1992). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation: A prototype approach. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (pp. 175–212). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, R. A. (1991). Menstrual pollution, soul loss, and the comparative study of emotions. In R. A. Shweder, Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology (pp. 241–65). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, R. A. (1999). Why cultural psychology? Ethos 27, 62–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, R. A. (2000). The psychology of practice and the practice of the three psychologies. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 207–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tangney, J. P. (1998). How does guilt differ from shame? In J. Bybee (Ed.), Guilt and children (pp. 1–17). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tangney, J. P., Burggraf, S. A., & Wagner, P. E. (1995). Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and psychological symptoms. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: They psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 343–367). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Shame into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 669–675.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., Li, J., & Fischer, K. W. (2001). The organization of shame in Chinese. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. W. (1970). Learning to be Chinese. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. W. (1981). Moral behavior in Chinese society: A theoretical perspective. In R. W. Wilson, S. L. Greenblatt, & A. A. Wilson (Eds.), Moral behavior in Chinese society (pp. 117–136). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, David Y. H. (1981). Child abuse in Taiwan. In J. Korbin (Ed.), Child abuse and neglect: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 139–165). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, D. Y. H. (1985). Child training in Chinese culture. In W. S. Tsend and D. Y. H. Wu (Eds.), Chinese culture and mental health (pp. 113–34). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, D. Y. H. (1996). Chinese childhood socialization. In M. H. Bond, (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 143–154). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, C. F. (1996). How to study Chinese? Collection of essays on indigenous psychology. Taipei, Taiwan: Guei Guan. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K. S. (1992). The social orientation of Chinese. In K. S. Yang, & A. B. Yu (Eds.), Chinese psychology and behaviors: Methods and concepts. Taipei, Taiwan: Gui Guan. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K. S. (1997a). Indigenising Westernized Chinese psychology. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Working at the interface of cultures: Eighteen lives in social science (pp. 62–76). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K. S. (1997b). Indigenous compatibility in psychological research and its related problems. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 8, 75–120. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeh. M. H., & Yang, K. S. (1997). Chinese familism: Conceptual analysis and empirical assessment. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, 83, 169–225. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, K. H. (1997). Changes in the Taiwan people’s concept of filial piety. In L. Y. Chang, Y. H. Lu, & F. C. Wang (Eds.), Taiwanese society in 1990s: Taiwan social change survey symposium series II (pp. 171–214). Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, K. H., & Yang, K. S. (1991). The analysis of the cognitive structure of filial piety. In K. S. Yang & K. K. Hwang (Eds.), Chinese psychology and behaviors (pp. 95–133). Taipei, Taiwan: Gui Guan. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, A. B. (1996). Ultimate life concerns, self, and Chinese achievement motivation. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 227–246). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahn-Waxler, C., & Robinson, J. (1995). Empathy and guilt: Early origins of feelings of responsibility. In J. P. Tangney, & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 143–173). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhai, X. W. (1995). The Chinese concepts of face. Taipei, Taiwan: Gui Guan. (In Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heidi Fung .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fung, H. (2006). Affect and Early Moral Socialization: Some Insights and Contributions from Indigenous Psychological Studies in Taiwan. In: Kim, U., Yang, KS., Hwang, KK. (eds) Indigenous and Cultural Psychology. International and Cultural Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28662-4_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics