Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Modulates Neurotransmitter Release in the Substantia Nigra: Biochemical and Behavioural Outcome

  • Conference paper
The Basal Ganglia VIII

Part of the book series: Advances in Behavioral Biology ((ABBI,volume 56))

  • 864 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

6. References

  • Anton, B., Fein, J., To, T., Li, X., Silberstein, L., and Evans, C.J., 1996, Immunohistochemical localization of ORL-1 in the central nervous system of the rat, J. Comp. Neurol. 367:1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albin, R.A., Young, A.B., and Penney, B., 1989, The functional anatomy of the basal ganglia disorders, Trends Neurosci. 12:366–375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, G.E., and Crutcher, M.D., 1990, Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing, Trends Neurosci. 13:266–271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bata-Garcia, J.L., H-Lopez, F.J., A-Cervera, F.J., A-Sandoval G and G-Alfaro JL., 2002, Circling behaviour induced by injection of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the substantia nigra, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behavior 71:361–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergquist, F., Shahabi, H.N., Nissbrandt, H., 2003, Somatodendritic dopamine release in rat substantia nigra influences motor performance on the accelerating rod, Brain Res 973:81–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakley, G.G., Pohorecky, L.A., Benjamin, D., 2004, Behavioral and endocrine changes following antisense oligonucleotide-induced reduction in the rat NOP receptor, Psychopharmacology 171:421–428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blandini, F., and Greenamiry, J.T., 1998, Prospects of glutamate antagonists in the therapy of Parkinson’s disease, Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 12:4–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boom, A., Mollereau, C., Meunier, J.C., Vassart, G., Parmentier, M., Vanderhaeghen, J.J., Schiffmann, S.N., 1999, Distribution of the nociceptin and nocistatin precursor transcript in the mouse central nervous system, Neuroscience 91:991–1007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunzow, J.R., Saez, C., Mortrud, M., Bouvier, C., Williams, J.T., Low, M., and Grandy, D.K., 1994, Molecolar cloning and tissue distribution of a putative member of the rat opioid receptor gene family that is not a mu, delta or kappa opioid receptor type. FEBS lett. 347:284–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calò, G., Guerrini, R., Rizzi, A., Salvadori, S., Regoli, D., 2000, Pharmacology of nociceptin and its receptor: a novel therapeutic target, Br. J. Pharmacol. 129:1261–1283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calò, G., Rizzi, A., Rizzi, D., Bigoni, R., Guerrini, R., Marzola, G., Marti, M., McDonald, J., Morari, M., Lambert, D.G., Salvadori, S., Regoli, D., 2002, [Nphe1,Arg14,Lys15]Nociceptin-NH2, a novel potent and selective antagonist of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor, Br. J. Pharmacol. 136:303–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Candeletti, S., and Ferri, S., 2000, Effects of an antisense oligonucleotide to pronociceptin and long-term prevention of morphine actions by nociceptin, Peptides 21:1119–1124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, C.J., 1982, Topographical distribution of possible glutamatergic pathways from the prefrontal cortex to the striatum and substantia nigra of the rat. Neuropharmacol. 21:379–383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, X., Xu, N., Li, P., and Wang, J.Q., 1999, The nociceptin receptor-mediated inhibition of the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons in vitro, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 364:49–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, B.M., Chavkin, C., Christie, M.J., Civelli, O., Evans, C., Hamon, M.D., Hoellt, V., Kieffer, B., Kitchen, I., Mcknight, A.T., Meunier, J.C., Portoghese, P.S., 2000, Opioid Receptors. In: The IUPHAR Compendium of Receptor Characterization and Classification. (Girdlestone D ed): IUPHAR Media Ltd, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crespi, F., Martin, K.F., and Marsden, C.A., 1988, Measurement of extracellular basal levels of serotonin in vivo using nafion-coated carbon fibre electrodes combined with differential pulse voltammetry, Neuroscience. 27:885–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darland, T., Heinricher, M.M., and Grandy, D.Y., 1998, Orphanin FQ/nociceptin: a role in pain and analgesia, but so much more, Trends Neurosci., 21:215–221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devine, D.P., Taylor, L., Reinscheid, R.K., Monsma, F.J. Jr, Civelli, O., Akil, H., 1996a, Rats rapidly develop tolerance to the locomotor-inhibiting effects of the novel neuropeptide orphanin FQ, Neurochem. Res. 21:1387–1396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devine, D.P., Reinscheid, R.K., Monsma, F.J. Jr, Civelli, O., Akil, H., 1996b, The novel neuropeptide orphanin FQ fails to produce conditioned place preference or aversion, Brain Res. 727:225–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Giannuario, A., Pieretti, S., Catalani, A., Loizzo, A., 1999, Orphanin FQ reduces morphine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study in rats, Neurosci. Lett. 272:183–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Giannuario, A., and Pieretti, S., 2000, Nociceptin differentially affects morphine-induced dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens and nucleus caudate in rats, Peptides 21:1125–1130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dray, A., Davies, J., and Oakley, N.R., Tongroach, P., Vellucci, S., 1978, The dorsal and medial raphe projections to the substantia nigra in the rat: electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioural observations, Brain Research 151:431–442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gavioli, E.C., Marzola, G., Guerrini, R., Bertorelli, R., Zucchini, S., De Lima, T.C., Rae, G.A., Salvadori, S., Regoli, D., Calò, G., 2003, Blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ-NOP receptor signalling produces antidepressantlike effects: pharmacological and genetic evidences from the mouse forced swimming test, Eur. J. Neurosci. 17:1987–1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrini, R., Calò, G., Bigoni, R., Rizzi, A., Varani, K., Toth, G., Gessi, S., Hashiba, E., Hashimoto, Y., Lambert, D.G., Borea, P.A., Tomatis, R., Salvadori, S., Regoli, D., 2000, Further studies on nociceptin-related peptides: discovery of a new chemical template with antagonist activity on the nociceptin receptor, J. Med. Chem. 43:2805–2813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, G.A., Jordan, C.C., and Skingle, M., 1991, Evidence that the unilateral actvation of 5-HT1D receptors in the substantia nigra of the guinea-pig elicits contralateral rotation, Br. J. Pharmacol. 102:305–310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, G.A., Grottick, A.J., Ballard, T.M., Richards, J.G., Messer, J., Takeshima, H., Pauly-Evers, M., Jenck, F., Adam, G., and Wichmann, J., 2001, Influence of the selective ORL1 receptor agonist, Ro64-6198, on rodent neurological function, Neuropharmacology 41:97–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillegaart, V., Magnusson, O., and Ahlenius, S., 2000, A9 and A10 dopamine nuclei as a site of action for effects of 8-OH-DPAT on locomotion in the rat, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 67:55–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, D., Clarke, D.E., Fozard, J.R., Hartig, P.R., Martin, G.R., Mylecharane, E.J., Saxena, P.R., and Humphrey, P.P.A., 1994, International union of pharmacology classification of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), Pharmacol. Rev. 46:157–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imai, H., Steindler, D.A., and Kitai, S.T., 1986, The organization of divergent axonal projections from the midbrain raphe nuclei in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol. 15:363–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, B.L., and Fornal, C.A., 1997, Serotonin and motor activity. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7:820–825.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen P.A.J., 1983, 5-HT2 receptor blockade to study serotonin-induced pathology. TIPS 198–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenck, F., Wichmann, J., Dautzenberg, F.M., Moreau, J.L., Ouagazzal, A.M., Martin, J.R., Lundstrom, K., Cesura, A.M., Poli, S.M., Roever, S., Kolczewski, S., Adam, G., and Kilpatrick, G., 2000, A synthetic agonist at the orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor ORL1: anxiolytic profile in the rat, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:4938–4943.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koizumi, M., Midorikawa, N., Takeshima, H., and Murphy, N.P., 2004, Exogenous, but not endogenous nociceptin modulates mesolimbic dopamine release in mice, J. Neurochem. 89:257–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzmin, A., Sandin, J., Terenius, L., and Ogren, S.O., 2004, Evidence in locomotion test for the functional heterogeneity of ORL-1 receptors, Br. J. Pharmacol. 141:132–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutfy, K., Do, T., and Maidment, N.T., 2001, Orphanin FQ/nociceptin attenuates motor stimulation and changes in nucleus accumbens extracellular dopamine induced by cocaine in rats, Psychopharmacology (Berl) 154:1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maidment, N.T., Chen, Y., Tan, A.M., Murphy, N.P., and Leslie, F.M., 2002, Rat ventral midbrain dopamine neurons express the orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor ORL-1, Neuroreport 13:1137–1140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marti, M., Guerrini, R., Beani, L., Bianchi, C., and Morari, M., 2002, Nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors modulate glutamate extracellular levels in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. A microdialysis study in the awake freely moving rat, Neuroscience 112:153–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marti, M., Stocchi, S., Paganini, F., Mela, F., De Risi, C., Calò, G., Guerrini, R., Barnes, T.A., Lambert, D.G., Beani, L., Bianchi, C., and Morari, M., 2003, Pharmacological profiles of presynaptic nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors modulatine 5-hidroxytryptamine and noradrenaline release in the rat neocortex, Br. J. Pharmacol 138:91–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marti, M., Mela, F., Veronesi, C., Guerrini, R., Salvatori, S., Federici, M., Mercuri, N.B., Rizzi, A., Franchi, G., Beani, L., Bianchi, C., and Morari, M., 2004a, Blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor signalling in rat substantia nigra pars reticulata stimulates nigrostriatal dopaminergic transmission and motor behaviour, J. Neurosci. 24:6659–6666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marti, M., Mela, F., Trapella, C., Bianchi, C., and Morari, M., 2004b, Blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ transmission attenuates hypokinesia in hemiparkinsonian rats, Mov. Dis. 19(Suppl 9), P564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marti, M., Mela, F., Guerrini, R., Calò, G., Bianchi, C., and Morari, M., 2004c, Blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ transmission in rat substantia nigra reverses haloperidol-induced akinesia and normalizes nigral glutamate release, J. Neurochem. 91:1501–1504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mela, F., Marti, M., Ulazzi, L., Vaccai, E., Zucchini, S., Trapella, C., Salvatori, S., Beani, L., Bianchi, C., and Morari, M., 2004, Pharmacological profile of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors regulating 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the mouse neocortex, Eur. J. Neurosci. 19:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meunier, J.C., Mollereau, C., Toll, L., Suaudeau, C., Moisand, C., Alvinerie, P., Butour, J.L., Guillemot, J.C., Ferrara, P., Monsarrat, B., Mazarguil, H., Vassart, G., Parmentier, M., and Costentin, J., 1995, Isolation and structure of the endogenous agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor, Nature 377:532–535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mogil, J.S., and Pasternak, G.W., 2001, The molecular and behavioral pharmacology of the orphanin FQ/Nociceptin peptide and receptor family, Pharmacol. Rev. 53:381–415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, N.P., and Maidment, N.T., 1999, Orphanin FQ/nociceptin modulation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission determined by microdialysis, J. Neurochem. 73:179–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, N.P., Lam, H.A., Chen, Z., Pintar, J.E., and Maidment, N.T., 2002, Heroin-induced locomotion and mesolimbic dopamine release is unchanged in mice lacking the ORL.1 receptor gene, Brain Res. 953:276–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narayanan, K., Lam, H., Carroll, I., and Lutfy, K., 2004, OrphaninFQ/nociceptin suppresses motor activity through an action along the mesoaccumbens axis in rats, Rev. Psychiatr. 29:116–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neal C.R. JR, Mansour, A., Reinscheid, R., Nothacker, H.P., Civelli, O., Akil, H., and Watson, S.J., JR., 1999, Opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor distribution in the rat central nervous system: comparison of ORL1 receptor mRNA expression with 125I-[14Tyr]-orphanin FQ binding, J. Comp. Neurol. 412:563–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishi, M., Houtani, T., Noda, Y., Mamiya, T., Sato, K., Doi, T., Kuno, J., Takeshima, H., Nukada, T., Nabeshima, T., Yamashita, T., Noda, T., and Sugimoto, T., 1997, Unrestrained nociceptive response and dysregulation of hearing ability in mice lacking the nociceptin/orphaninFQ receptor, EMBO J. 16:1858–1864.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noble, F., and Roques, B.P., 1997, Association of aminopeptidase N and endopeptidase 24.15 inhibitors potentiate behavioral effects mediated by nociceptin/orphanin FQ in mice, FEBS Lett. 401:227–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noda, Y., Mamiya, T., Nabeshima, T., Nishi, M., Higashioka, M., and Takeshima, H., 1998, Loss of antinociception induced by naloxone benzoylhydrazone in nociceptin receptor-knockout mice, J. Biol. Chem. 273:18047–18051.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, C.S., Neal, C.R., Kumar, S., Akil, H., and Watson, S.J., 2002, Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and opioid receptor-like receptor mRNA expression in dopamine systems, J. Comp. Neurol. 444:358–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oberlander, C., Hunt, P.F., Dumont, C., and Boissier, J.R., 1981, Dopamine independent rotational response to unilateral intranigral injection of serotonin, Life Sci. 28:2595–2601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okabe, C., and Murphy, N.P., 2004, Short-term of the nociceptin receptor antagonist Compound B on the development of methamphetamine sensitization in mice: a behavioural and c-fos expression mapping study, Brain Res. 1017:1:12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paxinos, G., and Watson, C., 1982, The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinscheid, R.K., Nothacker, H.P., Bourson, A., Ardati, A., Henningsen, R.A., Bunzow, J.R., Grandy, D.K., Langen, H., Monsma, F.J. Jr, and Civelli, O., 1995, Orphanin FQ: a neuropeptide that activates an opioid-like G protein-coupled receptor, Science 270:792–794.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rinvik, E., and Ottersen, O.P., 1993, Terminals of subthalamonigral fibres are enriched with glutamate-like immunoreactivity: an electron microscopy, immunogold analysis in the cat, J. Chem. Neuroanat. 6:19–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzi, A., Bigoni, R., Marzola, G., Guerrini, R., Salvadori, S., Regoli, D., and Calo’, G., 2001, Characterization of the locomotor activity-inhibiting effect of nociceptin/orphanin FQ in mice, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 363:161–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robledo, P., and Feger, J., 1990, Excitatory influence of rat subthalamic nucleus to substantia nigra pars reticulata and the pallidal complex: electrophysiologicol data, Brain Res. 518:47–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandin, J., Georgieva, J., Schott, P.A., Ogren, S.O., and Terenius, L., 1997, Nociceptin/orphanin FQ microinjected into hippocampus impairs spatial learning in rats, Eur. J. Neurosci. 9:194–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sbrenna, S., Marti, M., Morari, M., Calo’, G., Guerrini, R., Beani, L., and Bianchi, C., 2000, Modulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine efflux from rat cortical synaptosomes by opioids and nociceptin, Br. J. Pharmacol. 130:425–433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlicker, E., and Morari, M., 2000, Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system, Peptides 21:1023–1029.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slowe, S.J., Clarke, S., Lena, I., Goody, R.J., Lattanzi, R., Negri, L., Simonin, F., Matthes, H.W., Filliol, D., Kieffer, B.L., and Kitchen, I., 2001, Autoradiographic mapping of the opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1) receptor in the brains of mu-, delta-or kappa-opioid receptor knockout mice, Neuroscience 106:469–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starr, M.S., 1995, Glutamate/dopamine D1/D2 balance in the basal ganglia and its relevance to Parkinson’s disease, Synapse 19:264–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stratford, T.R., Holahan, M.R., and Kelley, A.E., 1997, Injections of nociceptin into nucleus accumbens shell or ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus increase food intake, Neuroreport 8:423–426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokuno, H., Morizumi, T., Kumo, M., and Nakamura, Y., 1988, A morphological evidence for monosynaptic projection from the nucleus peduncolopontinus pars compacta (TPC) to nigrostriatal projection neurons, Neurosci. Lett., 85:1–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda, H., Inoue, M., Takeshima, H., and Iwasawa, Y., 2000, Enhanced spinal nociceptin receptor expression develops morphine tolerance and dependence, J. Neurosci. 20:7640–7647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, C.W., and Christie, M.J., 1996, Increase by the ORL1 receptor (opioid receptor-like1) ligand, nociceptin, of inwardly rectifying K conductance in dorsal raphe nucleus neurones, Br. J. Pharmacol. 117:1609–1611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, C.W., Connor, M., Jennings, E.A., Marinelli, S., Allen, R.G., and Christie, M.J., 2001, Actions of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and other prepronociceptin products on rat rostral ventromedial medulla neurons in vitro, J. Physiol. 534:849–859.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J.R., Spina, M., Terenius, L., and Koob, G.F., 1998, Nociceptin fails to affect heroin self-administration in the rat, Neuroreport 9:2243–2247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, F., Grandy, D.K., and Johnson, S.W., 2002, Actions of orphanin FQ/nociceptin on rat ventral tegmental area neurons in vitro, Br. J. Pharmacol. 136:1065–1071.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Italy

    Matteo Marti, Massimiliano Manzalini, Clementina Bianchi & Michele Morari

  2. Department of Biology, Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery in Psychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 37135, via Fleming 4, Verona, Italy

    Christian Heidbreder & Francesco Crespi

Authors
  1. Matteo Marti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Massimiliano Manzalini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Clementina Bianchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Christian Heidbreder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michele Morari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Francesco Crespi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    J. Paul Bolam  & Peter J. Magill  & 

  2. Division of Veterinary Biomedical Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Cali A. Ingham

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Marti, M., Manzalini, M., Bianchi, C., Heidbreder, C., Morari, M., Crespi, F. (2005). Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Modulates Neurotransmitter Release in the Substantia Nigra: Biochemical and Behavioural Outcome. In: Bolam, J.P., Ingham, C.A., Magill, P.J. (eds) The Basal Ganglia VIII. Advances in Behavioral Biology, vol 56. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28066-9_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation