Abstract
Churchman dedicated his career to sensitizing systems scientists and other inquirers to the existence of what he referred to as “enormous problems.” In his view these are problems that cannot be addressed by a single discipline or a single inquirer but by interdisciplinary teams of inquirers. This chapter tells the story of how a group of researchers, in the context of the Club of Rome (CoR) Prospectus on The Predicament of Humankind, proposed in the early 70s a very forward looking and innovative systems approach. It took over twenty years of research and development for the emergence of a paradigm of Structured Design Science (SDS) that has been tested in the arena of practice for the last fifteen years.
The CoR prospectus introduced the concept of the Problematique as the “enormous problem” of the 20th Century. In 1993, twenty-three years after the conceptualization of the Problematique, a small team composed of three of the original architects of the CoR proposal employed the SDS paradigm to conduct a retrospective inquiry of the global Problematique. The findings from this inquiry demonstrate that no significant progress had been made in terms of resolving the root causes of the Problematique in the ensuing twenty-thee years, i.e., 1970–1993. It is conjectured that a similar inquiry conducted today, i.e., ten years later, will reaffirm the lack of progress in resolving this enormous problem of huhumankind. The implications of these findings are significant for all systems scientists, and especially for students of Churchman’s work.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander, G.C., 2003, Interactive Management: An Emancipatory Methodology, Systems Practice and Action Research, 15:111–122.
Apel, K., 1981, Charles S. Peirce: From Pragmatism to Pragmaticism, University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst.
Ashby, R., 1958, Requisite Variety and Its Implications for the Control of Complex Systems, Cybernetica, 1(2): 1–17.
Banathy, B. H., 1996, Designing Social Systems in a Changing World, Plenum, New York.
Banathy, B. H., 2001, Guided Evolution of Society: A Systems View, Plenum, New York.
Bausch, K., 2001, The Emerging Consensus in Social System Theory, Plenum, New York.
Bausch, K., 2000, The Practice and Ethics of Design, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17(1):23–51.
Boulding, K., 1966, The Impact of Social Sciences, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
Christakis, A.N., 1973, A new policy science paradigm, Futures, 5(6):543–558.
Christakis, A.N., 1987, High technology participative design: the space-based laser, in: General systems, John A. Dillon Jr., ed., International Society for the Systems Sciences, XXX:69–75.
Christakis, A.N. 1988, The club of Rome revisited, in: General systems. W. J. Reckmeyer, ed., International Society for the Systems Sciences, XXXI: 35–38.
Christakis, A.N., 1993, The inevitability of demosophia, in: A Challenge for Systems Thinking: The Aegean Seminar, Ioanna Tsivacou, ed., University of the Aegean Press, Athens, Greece, pp. 187–197.
Christakis, A.N., 1996, A people science: the CogniScope system approach, Systems: Journal Of Transdisciplinary Systems Sciences, 1(1).
Christakis, A. N. (2004). Wisdom of the People, Systems Research and Behavioral Sciences, 21, 317–330.
Christakis, A.N., 2005, Dialogue for the Information Age, Information Age Publishing Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut.
Christakis, A.N., Warfield, J.N., and Keever, D., 1988, Systems design: generic design theory and methodology, in: Systems Governance, Michael Decleris, ed., Publisher Ant. N. Sakkoylas, Athens-Komotini, Greece, pp. 143–210.
Christakis, A.N. and Dye, K.M., 1999. Collaboration through communicative action: resolving the systems dilemma through the CogniScope, Systems: Journal of Trans disciplinary Systems Sciences, 4(1).
Christakis, A.N., and Brahms, S., 2003, Boundary-spanning dialogue for 21st-century agoras, Systems Research and Behavioral Sciences, 20:371–382
Christakis, A.N. and Harris, L., 2004, Designing a transnational indigenous leaders interaction in the context of globalization: a wisdom of the people forum, Systems Research and Behavioral Sciences, 21:2511–261.
Churchman, C. W., 1971, The Design of Inqiring Systems: Basic Concepts of Systems and Organizations, Basic Books Inc. Publishers, New York.
Churchman, C.W., 1979, The Systems Approach and its Enemies, Basic Books Inc. Publishers, New York.
de Zeeuw, G., 1996, Second order organizational research, Working Papers in Systems and Information Sciences, University of Humberside, Hull, England.
Doxiadis, C.A., 1968, Ekistics: An Introduction to the Science of Human Settlements, Hutchison, London.
Dye, K.M., 1997, Collaborative design process science, Working Papers at MIT, Boston.
Dye, K.M. and Conaway, D.S., 1999, Lessons Learned from Five Years of Application of the CogniScope™ Approach to the Food and Drug Administration, CWA Ltd. Interactive Mangagement Consultants Report, Paoli, PA.
Habermas, J., 1984, The Theory of Communicative Action, Vols. I and II, Polity Press.
Jackson, M., 1995, Beyond the fads: systems thinking for managers, Systems Research, 12:25–42.
Jantsch, E., 1969, Perspectives of Planning, OECD, Paris
Magliocca, L.A. and Christakis, A.N., 2001, Creating a framework for sustainable organizational leadership: the CogniScope system approach, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 18:259–279.
McIntyre, J., 2004, Facilitating critical systemic praxis (CSP) by means of experiential learning and conceptual tools, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 21:37–61
Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D. and Randers, J., 1972, The Limits to Growth, Universe Books, New York.
Miller, G.A., 1956, The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limitations on our capacity for processing information, Psychology Review, 63:81–97.
Peccei, A., 1969, The Chasm Ahead, The Macmillan Company, Toronto.
Roberts, N., 2002, The Transformative Power of Dialogue, Elsevier, New York.
Romm, N.R.A., 2002, A trusting constructivist approach to Ssystemic inquiry: exploring accountability, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 19:455–467.
Simon, H.A., 1974, How big is a chunk, Science, 183:482–488.
Turrisi, P.A. ed., 1997, Pragmatism as a Principle and Method of Right Thinking, State University of New York Press.
Warfield, J.N., 1994, A Science of Generic Design: Managing Complexity Through Systems Design, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
Warfield, J.N., 1999, The problematique: evolution of an idea. Systems Research, 16:221–226.
Warfield, J.N. and Christakis, A.N., 1987, Dimensionality, Systems Research, 4:127–137.
Warfield, J.N. and Cardenas, A.R., 1994, A Handbook of Interactive Management, Iowa State.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Christakis, A.N. (2006). A Retrospective Structural Inquiry of the Predicament of Humankind. In: van Gigch, J.P., McIntyre-Mills, J. (eds) Volume 1: Rescuing the Enlightenment from Itself., vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27589-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27589-4_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-27587-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-27589-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)