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Innate and Acquired Immunity in Cryptococcus neoformans Infections of the Central Nervous System

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Fungal Immunology

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5. Summary

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that causes cryptococcosis, a life-threatening disease that develops following inhalation and dissemination of the ubiquitous organisms. C. neoformans has a predilection for the CNS, and mortality is most frequently associated with meningoencephalitis. Individuals with deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity, such as AIDS patients, are more susceptible to cryptococcosis; thus, the incidence of cryptococcosis is increasing as a result of the growing number of immunocompromised individuals. Loss of CD4+ T cells predisposes individuals to progressive infection with C. neoformans, further emphasizing the importance of cell-mediated immunity in host resistance to this organism and partially explaining the high incidence of cryptococcosis in AIDS patients. Although much has been learned about host defense mechanisms against C. neoformans in the lungs, less is known about host resistance in the CNS. Clearly, some of the same cells and mechanisms are involved in host defense in the lungs and the CNS; however, the CNS has unique features that suggest there might be some differences as well. In fact, experimental evidence indicates that many anticryptococcal reactions in the CNS are delayed in comparison to extracerebral tissues, which may be due to differences in immune mechanisms in the CNS compared to other tissues. More defined experimental studies are required to identify the critical components needed for appropriate anticryptococcal activity in the CNS that restricts growth of C. neoformans while at the same time does not cause harmful damage to the nervous tissue.

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  1. Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112

    Kent L. Buchanan

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  1. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana

    Paul L. Fidel Jr.

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan

    Gary B. Huffnagle

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Buchanan, K.L. (2005). Innate and Acquired Immunity in Cryptococcus neoformans Infections of the Central Nervous System. In: Fidel, P.L., Huffnagle, G.B. (eds) Fungal Immunology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25445-5_24

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