Abstract
We focus on two themes, among those in Mansfield’s work, particularly relevant to understanding the role of large corporations in the U.S. innovation system: (1) the development of science-based inventions into market-ready innovations, and (2) the imitation by one firm of another’s technology. Both of these phenomena, we propose, depend critically on the extent of technological and organizational complexity characteristic of current products and potential innovations. Reporting on recent survey research of our own, we argue that the origins and potentially the future of U.S. leadership in technology-based economic growth lie in the complementarity of large corporations and entrepreneurial startups, each exploring and exploiting the market potential of different types of science-based innovations.
Key words
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alic, J.A., L.M. Branscomb, H. Brooks, A.B. Carter, and G.L. Epstein, 1992, Beyond Spinoff: Military and Commercial Technologies in a Changing World, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Arrow, K.J., 1962a, ‘Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources from Invention,’ in R.R. Nelson (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Arrow, K.J., 1962b, ‘The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing’, Review of Economic Studies 29, 155–73.
Audretsch, D.B., and A.R. Thurik, 2001, ‘What’s New About the New Economy,’ Indiana University Institute for Development Strategies, Working Paper. http://www.spea.indiana.edu/ids/pdfholder/ISSN-01-l.pdf.
Auerswald, P. 1999, Organizational Learning, Intrafirm Externalities and Industry Evolution. University of Washington Ph.D. thesis.
Auerswald, P., S. Kauffman, J. Lobo, and K. Shell, 2000, ‘The Production Recipes Approach to Modeling Technological Innovation: An Application to Learning by Doing’, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 24, 389–150.
Berger, P. and E. Ofek, 1995, ‘Diversification’s effect on firm value,’ Journal of Financial Economics 37, 39–65.
Branscomb, L.M., 1998, ‘From Science Policy to Research Policy’ in L.M. Branscomb, and J.H. Keller, (eds.), Investing in Innovation: Creating a Research and Innovation Policy that Works, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 115–124.
Branscomb, L.M., and P.E. Auerswald, 2001, Taking Technical Risks: How Innovators, Executives and Investors Manage High-Tech Risks, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Branscomb, L.M., and P.E. Auerswald, 2002, Between invention and innovation: An analysis of funding for early stage technology development. Report #NIST GCR 02-841, Advanced Technology Program, National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), U.S. Department of Commerce.
Branscomb, L.M., F. Kodama, and R. Florida (eds.), 1999, Industrializing Knowledge, University-Industry Linkages in Japan and the United States Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Chandler, A.D. 1992. ‘Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 6(3), 79–100.
Cherington, P.W., M.J. Peck, and F.M. Scherer, 1962, ‘Organization and Research and Development Decision Making within a Government Department,’ in R.R. Nelson (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 395–08.
Chesborough, H., and R. Rosenbloom, 2001, ‘The Dual-Edged Role of the Business Model in Leveraging Corporate Technology Investment’, in L.M. Branscomb and P. Auerswald (eds.), Taking Technical Risks: How Innovators, Executives, and Investors Manage High Tech Risks, Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Christensen, C.M., 1997, The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Coase, R., 1937, ‘The Nature of the Firm,’ Economica 4, 386–405.
Gompers, P.A., 2002, ‘Corporations and the Financing of Innovation: The Corporate Venturing Experience.’ Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Economic Review, Fourth Quarter.
Griliches, Z., 1957, ‘Hybrid corn: An exploration in the economics of technological change’, Econometrica 25(4), 501–22.
Hall, B.H., 2002, ‘The financing of research and development,’ Working Paper 8773, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).
Hartmann, G.C., and M.B. Myers, ‘Technical Risk, Product Specifications, and Market Risk’ in Branscomb, Lewis M., and Philip Auerswald, Taking Technical Risks: How Innovators, Executives, and Investors Manage High Tech Risks (Cambridge MA: MIT Press) 30–43.
Jewes, J., D. Sawers, and R. Stillerman, 1959, The Sources of Invention, New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Kash, D.E., 1989, Perpetual Innovation: The New World of Competition, New York: Basic Books.
Kash, D.E., and R. Rycroft, 1999, The Complexity Challenge: Technological Innovation for the 21st Century, London: Printer.
Kauffman, S., and S. Levin, 1987, ‘Toward a General Theory of Adaptive Walks on Rugged Landscapes,’ Journal of Theoretical Biology 128, 11–15.
Lazonick, W. and M. O’sullivan, 1998, ‘Corporate Governance and the Innovative Economy: Policy Implications. STEP report R-03.
Leslie, S.W., 2000. ‘The Biggest ‘Angel’ of Them All: The Military and the Making of Silicon Valley’, in M. Kenney (ed.), Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Lester, R., 1998, The Productive Edge: How U. S. Industries Are Pointing the Way to a New Era of Economic Growth, New York: W.W. Norton.
Maddison, A., 2001, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Paris: Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Press.
Mansfield, E., 1961, ‘Technical Change and the Rate of Imitation,’ Econometrica 29, 741–766.
Mansfield, E., 1962, ‘Entry, Gibrat’s Law, Innovation, and the Growth of Firms’, American Economic Review 52(5), 1023–1051.
Mansfield, E., 1963. ‘The Speed of Response of Firms to New Techniques,’ The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 77(2), 290–311.
Mansfield, E., 1965, ‘Rates of Return from Industrial Research and Development,’ The American Economic Review 55(1/2), 310–322.
Mansfield, E., 1969 ‘Industrial Research and Development: Characteristics, Costs, and Diffusion of Results,’ The American Economic Review 59(2), 65–71.
Mansfield, E. 1981, ‘Composition of R&D Expenditures: Relationship to Size of Firm, Concentration, and Innovative Output,’ The Review of Economics and Statistics 63(4), 610–615.
Mansfield, E., 1995, ‘Academic Research Underlying Industrial Innovations: Sources, Characteristics, and Financing,’ The Review of Economics and Statistics 77(1), 55–65.
Mansfield, E., and E. Mansfield (eds.), 1993, The Economics of Technical Change Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Mansfield, E., M. Schwartz, and S. Wagner, 1981, ‘Imitation Costs and Patents: An Empirical Study,’ The Economic Journal, 91(364), 907–918.
Mansfield, E. and H.H. Wein, 1958, ‘A Study of Decision-Making Within the Firm,’ The Quarterly Journal of Economics 72(4), 515–536.
Marshak, T.A., 1962. ‘Strategy and Organization in a System Development Project,’ in R.R. Nelson (ed.), 1962, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 509–548.
McGroddy, J., 2001, ‘Raising Mice in the Elephant’s Cage’ in L.M. Branscomb, and P. Auerswald (eds.), Taking Technical Risks: How Innovators, Executives, and Investors Manage High Tech Risks, Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 2004 (Arlington VA), NSF-04-01.
Nelson, R.R., 1959, ‘The simple economics of basic scientific research,’ Journal of Political Economy 297–306.
Nelson, R.R., 1961, ‘Uncertainty, Learning, and the Economics of Parallel Research and Development Efforts,’ Review of Economics and Statistics XLIII, 351–64.
Nelson, R.R. (ed.), 1962, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Nelson, R.R., 1999, ‘Technological Advance and Economic Growth,’ in National Academies of Science, Harnessing Science and Technology for America’s Economic Future: National and Regional Priorities, Washington DC: National Academies Press.
Nelson, R.R. and S. Winter, 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Belknap: Harvard U. Press.
Reiter, S. and G.R. Sherman, 1962, ‘Allocating Indivisible Resources Affording External Economics or Diseconomies’, International Economic Review 3(1), 108–135.
Rhodes, R., 1999, Visions of Technology: A Century of Vital Debate about Machines, Systems, and the Human World, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Rivkin, J., 2000, ‘Imitation of complex strategies,’ Management Science 46, 824–844.
Romer, P.M., 1986, ‘Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth’, Journal of Political Economy 94(5), 1002–1037.
Romer, P.M., 1990, ‘Endogenous technological change,’ Journal of Political Economy 98(5), S71–S102.
Rosenberg, N., 1970, ‘Economic Development and the Transfer of Technology: Some Historical Perspectives,’ Technology and Culture 11(4), 550–75.
Rosenberg, N. and L.E. Birdzell Jr., 1985, How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World, New York: Basic Books.
Schumpeter, J.A., 1912, Theorie der witschaftlichen Entwicklung, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. Revised English translation (1934) by Redvers Opie, The Theory of Economic Development.
Schumpeter, J.A., 1928, ‘The Instability of Capitalism,’ The Economic Journal 38(51), 361–386.
Schumpeter, J.A., 1942, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, New York: Harper and Row.
Shell, K., 1966, ‘Toward a theory of inventive activity and capital accumulation,’ American Economic Review 56(2), 62–68.
Shell, K., 1967, ‘A model of inventive activity and capital accumulation,’ In K. Shell (ed.), Essays on the Theory of Optimal Economic Growth, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 67–85.
Smith, D.K. and R.C. Alexander, 1988, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented Then Ignored the First Personal Computer, New York: William Morrow & Co.
Solow, R.M., 1956, ‘A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth,’ Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94.
Solow, R.M., 1957, ‘Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function,’ Review of Economics and Statistics, XXXIX, 312–20.
Teece, D.J., 1977, ‘Technology Transfer by Multinational Firms: The Resource Cost of Transferring Technological Know-how,’ Economic Journal 87, 242–61.
Weitzman, M.L., 1998, ‘Recombinant Growth’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(2), 331–360.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Auerswald, P.E., Branscomb, L.M. (2005). Reflections on Mansfield, Technological Complexity, and the “Golden Age” of U.S. Corporate R&D. In: Link, A.N., Scherer, F.M. (eds) Essays in Honor of Edwin Mansfield. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25022-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25022-0_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-25010-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-25022-9
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)
