Skip to main content

Reflections on Mansfield, Technological Complexity, and the “Golden Age” of U.S. Corporate R&D

  • Chapter

Abstract

We focus on two themes, among those in Mansfield’s work, particularly relevant to understanding the role of large corporations in the U.S. innovation system: (1) the development of science-based inventions into market-ready innovations, and (2) the imitation by one firm of another’s technology. Both of these phenomena, we propose, depend critically on the extent of technological and organizational complexity characteristic of current products and potential innovations. Reporting on recent survey research of our own, we argue that the origins and potentially the future of U.S. leadership in technology-based economic growth lie in the complementarity of large corporations and entrepreneurial startups, each exploring and exploiting the market potential of different types of science-based innovations.

Key words

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alic, J.A., L.M. Branscomb, H. Brooks, A.B. Carter, and G.L. Epstein, 1992, Beyond Spinoff: Military and Commercial Technologies in a Changing World, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrow, K.J., 1962a, ‘Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources from Invention,’ in R.R. Nelson (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrow, K.J., 1962b, ‘The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing’, Review of Economic Studies 29, 155–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D.B., and A.R. Thurik, 2001, ‘What’s New About the New Economy,’ Indiana University Institute for Development Strategies, Working Paper. http://www.spea.indiana.edu/ids/pdfholder/ISSN-01-l.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auerswald, P. 1999, Organizational Learning, Intrafirm Externalities and Industry Evolution. University of Washington Ph.D. thesis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auerswald, P., S. Kauffman, J. Lobo, and K. Shell, 2000, ‘The Production Recipes Approach to Modeling Technological Innovation: An Application to Learning by Doing’, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 24, 389–150.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P. and E. Ofek, 1995, ‘Diversification’s effect on firm value,’ Journal of Financial Economics 37, 39–65.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Branscomb, L.M., 1998, ‘From Science Policy to Research Policy’ in L.M. Branscomb, and J.H. Keller, (eds.), Investing in Innovation: Creating a Research and Innovation Policy that Works, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 115–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branscomb, L.M., and P.E. Auerswald, 2001, Taking Technical Risks: How Innovators, Executives and Investors Manage High-Tech Risks, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branscomb, L.M., and P.E. Auerswald, 2002, Between invention and innovation: An analysis of funding for early stage technology development. Report #NIST GCR 02-841, Advanced Technology Program, National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), U.S. Department of Commerce.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branscomb, L.M., F. Kodama, and R. Florida (eds.), 1999, Industrializing Knowledge, University-Industry Linkages in Japan and the United States Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, A.D. 1992. ‘Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 6(3), 79–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherington, P.W., M.J. Peck, and F.M. Scherer, 1962, ‘Organization and Research and Development Decision Making within a Government Department,’ in R.R. Nelson (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 395–08.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesborough, H., and R. Rosenbloom, 2001, ‘The Dual-Edged Role of the Business Model in Leveraging Corporate Technology Investment’, in L.M. Branscomb and P. Auerswald (eds.), Taking Technical Risks: How Innovators, Executives, and Investors Manage High Tech Risks, Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, C.M., 1997, The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coase, R., 1937, ‘The Nature of the Firm,’ Economica 4, 386–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gompers, P.A., 2002, ‘Corporations and the Financing of Innovation: The Corporate Venturing Experience.’ Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Economic Review, Fourth Quarter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griliches, Z., 1957, ‘Hybrid corn: An exploration in the economics of technological change’, Econometrica 25(4), 501–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B.H., 2002, ‘The financing of research and development,’ Working Paper 8773, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, G.C., and M.B. Myers, ‘Technical Risk, Product Specifications, and Market Risk’ in Branscomb, Lewis M., and Philip Auerswald, Taking Technical Risks: How Innovators, Executives, and Investors Manage High Tech Risks (Cambridge MA: MIT Press) 30–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewes, J., D. Sawers, and R. Stillerman, 1959, The Sources of Invention, New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kash, D.E., 1989, Perpetual Innovation: The New World of Competition, New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kash, D.E., and R. Rycroft, 1999, The Complexity Challenge: Technological Innovation for the 21st Century, London: Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, S., and S. Levin, 1987, ‘Toward a General Theory of Adaptive Walks on Rugged Landscapes,’ Journal of Theoretical Biology 128, 11–15.

    PubMed  CAS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Lazonick, W. and M. O’sullivan, 1998, ‘Corporate Governance and the Innovative Economy: Policy Implications. STEP report R-03.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, S.W., 2000. ‘The Biggest ‘Angel’ of Them All: The Military and the Making of Silicon Valley’, in M. Kenney (ed.), Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, R., 1998, The Productive Edge: How U. S. Industries Are Pointing the Way to a New Era of Economic Growth, New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddison, A., 2001, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Paris: Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E., 1961, ‘Technical Change and the Rate of Imitation,’ Econometrica 29, 741–766.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E., 1962, ‘Entry, Gibrat’s Law, Innovation, and the Growth of Firms’, American Economic Review 52(5), 1023–1051.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E., 1963. ‘The Speed of Response of Firms to New Techniques,’ The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 77(2), 290–311.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E., 1965, ‘Rates of Return from Industrial Research and Development,’ The American Economic Review 55(1/2), 310–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E., 1969 ‘Industrial Research and Development: Characteristics, Costs, and Diffusion of Results,’ The American Economic Review 59(2), 65–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E. 1981, ‘Composition of R&D Expenditures: Relationship to Size of Firm, Concentration, and Innovative Output,’ The Review of Economics and Statistics 63(4), 610–615.

    CrossRef  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E., 1995, ‘Academic Research Underlying Industrial Innovations: Sources, Characteristics, and Financing,’ The Review of Economics and Statistics 77(1), 55–65.

    CrossRef  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E., and E. Mansfield (eds.), 1993, The Economics of Technical Change Aldershot: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E., M. Schwartz, and S. Wagner, 1981, ‘Imitation Costs and Patents: An Empirical Study,’ The Economic Journal, 91(364), 907–918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E. and H.H. Wein, 1958, ‘A Study of Decision-Making Within the Firm,’ The Quarterly Journal of Economics 72(4), 515–536.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Marshak, T.A., 1962. ‘Strategy and Organization in a System Development Project,’ in R.R. Nelson (ed.), 1962, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 509–548.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGroddy, J., 2001, ‘Raising Mice in the Elephant’s Cage’ in L.M. Branscomb, and P. Auerswald (eds.), Taking Technical Risks: How Innovators, Executives, and Investors Manage High Tech Risks, Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 2004 (Arlington VA), NSF-04-01.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R.R., 1959, ‘The simple economics of basic scientific research,’ Journal of Political Economy 297–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R.R., 1961, ‘Uncertainty, Learning, and the Economics of Parallel Research and Development Efforts,’ Review of Economics and Statistics XLIII, 351–64.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R.R. (ed.), 1962, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R.R., 1999, ‘Technological Advance and Economic Growth,’ in National Academies of Science, Harnessing Science and Technology for America’s Economic Future: National and Regional Priorities, Washington DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R.R. and S. Winter, 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Belknap: Harvard U. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, S. and G.R. Sherman, 1962, ‘Allocating Indivisible Resources Affording External Economics or Diseconomies’, International Economic Review 3(1), 108–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R., 1999, Visions of Technology: A Century of Vital Debate about Machines, Systems, and the Human World, New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivkin, J., 2000, ‘Imitation of complex strategies,’ Management Science 46, 824–844.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Romer, P.M., 1986, ‘Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth’, Journal of Political Economy 94(5), 1002–1037.

    CrossRef  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Romer, P.M., 1990, ‘Endogenous technological change,’ Journal of Political Economy 98(5), S71–S102.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, N., 1970, ‘Economic Development and the Transfer of Technology: Some Historical Perspectives,’ Technology and Culture 11(4), 550–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, N. and L.E. Birdzell Jr., 1985, How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World, New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J.A., 1912, Theorie der witschaftlichen Entwicklung, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. Revised English translation (1934) by Redvers Opie, The Theory of Economic Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J.A., 1928, ‘The Instability of Capitalism,’ The Economic Journal 38(51), 361–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J.A., 1942, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shell, K., 1966, ‘Toward a theory of inventive activity and capital accumulation,’ American Economic Review 56(2), 62–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shell, K., 1967, ‘A model of inventive activity and capital accumulation,’ In K. Shell (ed.), Essays on the Theory of Optimal Economic Growth, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 67–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.K. and R.C. Alexander, 1988, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented Then Ignored the First Personal Computer, New York: William Morrow & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solow, R.M., 1956, ‘A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth,’ Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Solow, R.M., 1957, ‘Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function,’ Review of Economics and Statistics, XXXIX, 312–20.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Teece, D.J., 1977, ‘Technology Transfer by Multinational Firms: The Resource Cost of Transferring Technological Know-how,’ Economic Journal 87, 242–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitzman, M.L., 1998, ‘Recombinant Growth’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(2), 331–360.

    CrossRef  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Auerswald, P.E., Branscomb, L.M. (2005). Reflections on Mansfield, Technological Complexity, and the “Golden Age” of U.S. Corporate R&D. In: Link, A.N., Scherer, F.M. (eds) Essays in Honor of Edwin Mansfield. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25022-0_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics