Abstract
The Toll receptor families from insects and vertebrates have structural and evolutionary relationships and it was considered likely that they fulfilled similar functions in their respective organisms. Over the last two years, however, it has become clear that the way in which these receptors recognise pathogens in Drosophila and mammals is quite distinct. The completion of the genome sequences of Drosophila, human and mouse has revealed the presence of nine Toll receptors in the insect and probably ten or 11 in mammals. As shown in Fig. 1, with the exception of dToll9, the Drosophila Tolls are more closely related to each other than they are to the human Toll- like receptors (hTlrs). All Tolls are type 1 transmembrane receptors: they have blocks of a widespread structural motif, the leucine rich repeat in their ectodomains3, a single transmembrane spanning region and a cytoplasmic signalling module, the TollALlR identity region (TIR). The leucine rich repeat is found in many intracellular and extracellular proteins and has structural features that have the potential to evolve a wide range of protein binding specificities.s
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Gay, N.J., Weber, A.N.R., Gangloff, M. (2005). Activation of Insect and Vertebrate Toll Signaling: From Endogenous Cytokine Ligand to Direct Recognition of Pathogen Patterns. In: Gupta, S., Paul, W.E., Steinman, R. (eds) Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation X. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 560. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24180-9_3
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