Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Essential Practice of Surgery pp 469–479Cite as

Venous Disease and Pulmonary Embolism

  • Chapter

  • 260 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Dalen JE, Albert JS. Natural history of pulmonary embolism. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1975;17:257–270.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Dismuke SE, Wagner EH. Pulmonary embolism as a cause of death; the changing mortality in hospitalized patients. JAMA 1986;255(15):2039–2042.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Salzman EW, Hirsh J. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of venous thromboembolism. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW, eds. Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1994:1275–1296.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Anderson FA Jr, Wheeler HB. Physician practices in the management of venous thromboembolism: a community wide survey. J Vasc Surg 1992;16:707–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Samama MM, Simmoneau G, Wainstein JP, et al. SIRIUS study: epidemiology of risk factors of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs in community practice. Thromb Haemostasis 1993;69(6):763.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Anderson FA Jr, Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ, et al. A populationbased perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:933–938.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ III. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; a 25-year population-based study. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:585–593.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Goldberg RJ, Seneff M, Gore JM, et al. Occult malignant neoplasm in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:251–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Buller HR, et al. Deep-vein thrombosis and the incidence of subsequent cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1128–1133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Priten KJ, Miller EV, Mason E, et al. Venous thrombosis in the morbidly obese. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1978;147:63–64.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mauer BJ, Wray R, Shillingford JP. Frequency of venous thrombosis after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1971;ii:1385–1387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kotilainen M, Ristola P, Ikkala E, Pyorala K. Leg vein thrombosis diagnosed by 125I-fibrinogen test after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Clin Res 1973;5:365–368.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Handley AJ, Emerson PA, Fleming PR. Heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1972;2:436–438.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Warlow C, Terry G, Kenmure ACF, et al. A double-blind trial of low-dose subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1973;2:934–937.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Devor M, Barrett-Connor E, Renvall M, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of venous thrombosis. Am J Med 1991;92:275–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Surgically confirmed gall bladder disease, venous thromboembolism, and breast tumours in relation to post-menopausal estrogen therapy. N Engl J Med 1974;290:15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Waring WP, Karunas RS. Acute spinal cord injuries and the incidence of clinically occuring thromboembolic disease. Paraplegia 1991;29:8–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Green D, Lee Y, Ito VY, et al. Fixed-vs adjusted-dose heparin in the prophylaxis of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury. JAMA 1988;260:1255–1258.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Green D, Lee MY, Lim AC, et al. Prevention of thromboembolism after spinal cord injury using low-molecular weight heparin. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:571–574.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Dollery CM, Sullivan ID, Bauraind O, et al. Thrombosis and embolism in long-term central venous access for parenteral nutrition. Lancet 1994;344:1043–1045.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bick RL, Kaplan H. Syndromes of thrombosis and hypercoagulability, congenital and acquired causes of thrombosis. Med Clin North Am 1998;82(3):409–458.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Svensson PJ, Dahlback B. Resistance to activated protein c as a basis for thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:517–522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Barritt DW, Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a controlled trial. Lancet 1960;1:1309–1312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Markel A, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE Jr. Pattern and distribution of thrombi in acute venous thrombosis. Arch Surg 1992;127:305–309.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kakkar VV, Howe CT, Franc C, Clarke MB. Natural history of postoperative deep venous thrombosis. Lancet 1969;2:230–232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nicolaides AN, Kakkar VV, Field ES, Renney JTG. The origin of deep venous thrombosis: a venographic study. Br J Radiol 1971;44:653–663.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Moser KM, Fedullo PF, LitteJohn JK, Crawford R. Frequent asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. JAMA 1994;271:223–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nielsen HK, Husted SE, Kursell LR, et al. Silent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Incidence and fate in a randomized, controlled trial of anticoagulation versus no anticoagulation. J Intern Med 1994;235:457–461.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Caprinin JA, Arcelus JI, Hoffman KN, et al. Venous duplex imaging follow-up of acute symptomatic deep vein thrombosis of the leg. J Vasc Surg 1995;21:472–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Donaldson GA, Williams C, Scannel JG, et al. A reappraisal of the application of the Trendelenburg operation to massive fatal embolism: report of a successful pulmonary-artery thrombectomy using cardiopulmonary bypass. N Engl J Med 1963;268: 171–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kakkar VV, Cohen AT, Edmonson RA, et al. Low molecular weight versus standard heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after major abdominal surgery. Lancet 1993;341: 259–265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Nurmohamed MT, Verhaeghe R, Haas S, et al. A comparative trial of a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus standard heparin for the prophylaxis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in general surgery. Am J Surg 1995;169:567–571.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Koppenhagen K, Adolf J, Matthes M, et al. Low molecular weight heparin and prevention of postoperative thrombosis in abdominal surgery. Thromb Haemostasis 1992;67(6):627–630.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hull RD, Hirsh J, Carter CJ, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of impedance plethysmography for clinically suspected deep-vein thrombosis; a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:21–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Huisman MV, Buller HR, ten Cate JW, Vreeken J. Serial impedance plethysmography for suspected deep venous thrombosis in outpatients; the Amsterdam general practitioner study. N Engl J Med 1986;314:823–828.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Huisman MV, Buller HR, ten Cate JW, et al. Management of clinically suspected acute venous thrombosis in outpatients with serial impedance plethysmography in a community hospital setting. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:511–513.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lensing AWA, Prandoni P, Brandjes D, et al. Detection of deepvein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 1989;320:342–345.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cronan JJ, Dorfman GS, Scola FH, et al. Deep venous thrombosis: US assessment using vein compression. Radiology 1987; 162:191–194.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Appelman PT, De Jong TE, Lampmann LE. Deep venous thrombosis of the leg: US findings. Radiology 1987;163:743–746.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Vogel P, Laing FC, Jeffrey RB Jr, Wing VW. Deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity: US evaluation. Radiology 1987;163: 747–751.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. O’Leary DH, Kane RA, Chase BM. A prospective study of the efficacy of B-scan sonography in the detection of deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities. J Clin Ultrasound 1988; 16:1–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Stein PD, Terrin ML, Hales CA, et al. Clinical, laboratory, roentgenographic, and electrographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and no pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary disease. Chest 1991;100:598–603.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sasahara AA, Stein M, Simon M, Littmann D. Pulmonary angiography in the diagnosis of thromboembolic disease. N Engl J Med 1964;270:1075–1081.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Stein PD, Athanasoulis C, Alavi A, et al. Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1992;85:462–468.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dalen JE, Brooks HL, Johnson LW, et al. Pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism; indications, techniques, and results in 367 patients. Am Heart J 1971;81:175–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Killewich LA, Nunnelee JD, Auer AI. Value of lower extremity venous duplex examination in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. J Vac Surg 1993;17:934–939.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Hirsh J, et al. Continuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1109–1114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Brandjes DPM, Heijboer H, Buller HR, et al. Acenocoumarol and heparin compared with acenocoumarol alone in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992;327: 1485–1489.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom D, et al. Optimal therapeutic level of heparin therapy in patients with venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1589–1595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hirsh J, Dalen JE, Deykin D, et al. Oral anticogulants: mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range. Chest 1995;108(suppl 4):231–465.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom D, et al. Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1260–1264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mohiuddin SM, Hilleman DE, Destache CJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of early versus late initiation of warfarin during therapy in acute thromboembolism. Am Heart J 1992;123:729–732.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Safety and efficacy of warfarin started early after submassive venous thrombosis of pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1986:1293–1296.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Coon WW, Willis PW III, Symons MJ. Assessment of anticoagulant treatment of venous thromboembolism. Ann Surg 1969; 170:559–568.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hull R, Delmore T, Genton E, et al. Warfarin versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1979;301:855–858.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Anderson LO, Barrowcliffe TW, Holmer E, et al. Molecular weight dependency of the heparin potentiated inhibition of thrombin and activated factor X: effect of heparin neutralization in plasma. Thromb Res 1979;115:531–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Fareed J, Walenga JM, Racanelli A, et al. Validity of the newly established low molecular weight heparin standard in cross referencing low molecular weight heparins. Haemostasis 1988; 3(suppl):33–47.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Fareed J, Walenga JM, Hoppensteadt D, et al. Comparative study on the in vitro and in vivo activities of seven low-molecular weight heparins. Haemostasis 1988;18(suppl):3–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Boneu B, Caranobe C, Cadroy Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies of standard unfractionated heparin, and low molecular weight heparins in the rabbit. Semin Thromb Hemostasis 1988;14: 18–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Matzsch T, Bergqvist D, Hedner U, et al. Effects of low molecular weight heparin and unfragmented heparin on induction of osteoporosis in rats. Thromb Haemostasis 1990;63:505–509.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Brand FN, Dannenberg AL, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. The epidemiology of varicose veins: the Framingham study. Am J Prev Med 1988;4:96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Madar G, Widmer LK, Zemp E, Maggs M. Varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency—a disorder or disease? A critical epidemiological review. Vasa 1986;15:126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Jamieson WG. State of the art of venous investigation and treatment. Can J Surg 1993;36:119.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Scott TE, La Morte WW, Gorin DR, et al. Risk factors for chronic venous insufficiency: a dual case-control study. J Vasc Surg 1995;22:622.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Criado E, Johnson G Jr. Venous disease. Curr Probl 1991;28:339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Baker SR, Stacey MC, Jopp-McKay AG, et al. Ulcers. Br J Surg 1991;78:864.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Cornwall JV, Dore CJ, Lewis JD. Leg ulcers: epidemiology and aetiology. Br J Surg 1986;73:693.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lees TA, Lambert D. Prevalence of lower limb ulcers in an urban health district. Br J Surg 1992;79:1032.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Phillips T, Stanton B, Provan A, et al. A study of the impact of leg ulcers on quality of life: financial, social, and psychologic implications. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Browse NL, Burnand KG, Thomas ML. Diseases of the Veins. Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Callam MJ, Harper DR, Dale JJ, Ruckley CV. Chronic leg ulceration: socioeconomic aspects. Scott Med J 1988;33:358.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Abenhaim L, Kurx X, VEINES Study Collaborators. The VEINES Study: an international cohort study on chronic venous disorders of the leg. Angiology 1997;48:59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Clarke H, Smith SR, Vasdekis SN, et al. Role of venous elasticity in the development of varicose veins. Br J Surg 1989;76:577.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Araki CT, Back TL, Padberg FT, et al. The significance of calf muscle pump function in venous ulceration. J Vasc Surg 1994;20: 872.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rosfors S, Lamke LO, Nordstrom E, Bygdeman S. Severity and location of venous valvular insufficiency: the importance of distal valve function. Acta Chir Scand 1990;156:689.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hanrahan LM, Araki CT, Rodriguez AA, et al. Distribution of valvular incompetence in patients with venous stasis ulceration. J Vasc Surg 1991;13:805.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Moore DJ, Himmel PD, Summer DS. Distribution of venous valvular incompetence in patients with the postphlebitic syndrome. J Vasc Surg 1986;3:49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sethia KK, Darke SG. Long saphenous incompetence as a cause of venous ulceration. Br J Surg 1984;71:754.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hoare MC, Nicolaides AN, Miles CR, et al. The role of primary varicose veins in venous ulceration. Surgery (St. Louis) 1982; 92:450.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Lohr JM, McDevitt DT, Lutter KS, et al. Operative management of greater saphenous thrombophlebitis involving the saphenofemoral junction. Am J Surg 1992;164:269–275.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Strandness DE, Langlois Y, Cramer M, et al: Long-term sequelae of acute venous thrombosis. JAMA 1983;250:1289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Killewich LA, Bedford GR, Beach KW, Strandness DE. Spontaneous lysis of deep venous thrombi: rate and outcome. J Vasc Surg 1989;9:89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Langerstedt CI, Olsson CG, Fagher BO, et al. Need for longterm anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1985;2:515–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Cikrit DF, Nichols WK, Silver D. Surgical management of refractory venous stasis ulceration. J Vasc Surg 1988;7:473.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Raju S, Fredericks R. Valve reconstruction procedures for nonobstructive venous insufficiency: rationale, techniques, and results in 107 procedures with two-to eight-year followup. J Vasc Surg 1988;7:301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Bergan JJ, Yao JST, Flinn WR, McCarthy WJ. Surgical treatment of venous obstruction and insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 1986;3:174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Stewart AJ, Leaper DJ. Treatment of chronic leg ulcers in the community: a comparative trial of Scherisorb and Iodosorb. Phlebology 1987;2:115.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Ormiston MC, Seymour MT, Venn GE, et al. Controlled trial of Iodosorb in chronic venous ulcers. Br Med J 1985;291:308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ryan TJ, Biven HF, Murphy JJ, et al. The use of a new occlusive dressing in the management of venous stasis ulceration. In: Ryan TJ, ed. An Environment for Healing: The Role of Occlusion. Lon-don: Royal Society of Medicine, 1984:99–103.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Eriksson G. Comparative study of hydrocolloid dressing and double layer bandage in treatment of venous stasis ulceration. In: Ryan TJ, ed. An Environment for Healing: The Role of Occlusion. London: Royal Society of Medicine, 1984:111–113.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Chant AD, Davies LJ, Pike JM, Sparks MJ. Support stockings in practical management of varicose veins. Phlebology 1989;4:167.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Unna PG. Ueber Paraplaste, eine neue Form medikamentoser Pflaster. Wien Med Wochenschr 1896;43:1854.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Rubin JR, Alexander J, Plecha EJ, Marman C. Unna’s boots vs polyurethane foam dressings for the treatment of venous ulceration. Arch Surg 1990;125:489.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Kitka MJ, Schuler JJ, Meyer JP, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of Unna’s boots versus hydroactive dressing in the treatment of venous stasis ulcers. J Vasc Surg 1988;7:478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Cordts PR, Hanrahan LM, Rodriguez AA, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of Unna’s boot versus DuoDERM CGF hydroactive dressing plus compression in the management of venous leg ulcers. J Vasc Surg 1992;15:480.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Vernick SH, Shapiro D, Shaw FD. Legging orthosis for venous and lymphatic insufficiency. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1987; 68:459.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Spence RK, Cahall E. Inelastic versus elastic leg compression in chronic venous insufficiency: a comparison of limb size and venous hemodynamics. J Vasc Surg 1996;24:783–787.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Uber A. The socioeconomic profile of patients treated by phlebotropic drugs in Germany. Angiology 1997;48:595–607.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Gilchrist B, Reed C. The bacteriology of chronic venous ulcers treated with occlusive hydrocolloid dressings. Br J Dermatol 1989;121:337.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Roelens P. Doubleblind placebo-controlled study with topical 2% ketanserin ointment in the treatment of venous ulcers. Dermatologica 1989;178:98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Alvarez OM, Mertz PM, Eaglstein WH. The effect of occlusive dressings on collagen synthesis and reepithelialization in superficial wounds. J Surg Res 1983;35:142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Linton RR. The communicating veins of the lower leg and the operative technique for their ligation. Ann Surg 1938;107:582–593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Gay J. Lettsonian Lectures 1867. Varicose Disease of the Lower Extremities. London: Churchill, 1868.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Homans J. The operative treatment of varicose veins and ulcers, based upon a classification of these lesions. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1916;22:143–158.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Linton RR. The postthrombotic ulceration of the lower extremity: its etiology and surgical treatment. Ann Surg 1953;138: 415–432.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Sottiurai VS. Surgical correction of recurrent venous ulcer. J Cardiovasc Surg 1991;32:104–109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Geerts WH, Code KI, Jay RM, et al. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1601–1606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Winchell RJ, Hoyt DB, Walsh JC, et al. Risk factors associated with pulmonary embolism despite routine prophylaxis: implications for improved protection. J Trauma 1994;37(4):600–606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. The PIOPED Investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism; results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 1990;263:2753–2759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Quinones-Baldrich WT. Thrombolytic therapy for vascular disease. In: Moore WS, editor. Vascular Surgery: A Comprehensive Review. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1998:361–389.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Buller HR, et al. Comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin with intravenous standard heparin in proximal deepvein thrombosis. Lancet 1992; 339:441–445.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Lindmarker P, Holstrom M, Granqvist S, et al. Comparison of oncedaily subcutaneous fragmin with continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemostasis 1994;72(2):186–190.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Simmonneau G, Charbonnier B, Decousus H, et al. Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1541–1546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF, et al. Subcutaneous lowmolecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment of proximalvein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992;326:975–982.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Matthew I. Foley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gregory L. Moneta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Foley, M.I., Moneta, G.L. (2003). Venous Disease and Pulmonary Embolism. In: Essential Practice of Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22744-X_36

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22744-X_36

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95510-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-22744-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation