Skip to main content

Clinical Applications of Basic Vestibular Research

  • Chapter
  • 998 Accesses

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 19))

5. Summary

For progress in the diagnosis and treatment of vestibular diseases and disorders, clinicians depend on progress in scientific ideas, methods, and techniques. In reverse, scientists can, without being forced into “mission-orientated” research, pick up useful new ideas by exposure to the experiments of nature found in the Dizzy Clinic. Although some of the clinical advances that we have described here, such as in caloric testing and in vestibular compensation, link directly to vestibular science, others such as the high-resolution CT required to diagnose superior semicircular canal dehiscence and the genetics of migraine vestibulopathy depend on a broader science and technology. For continued progress, not only do vestibular scientists need to talk to and work with vestibular clinicians but they also need to be familiar with the impact that advances in fields such as genetics and imaging could be making in vestibular research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agrawal SK, Parnes LS (2001) Human experience with canal plugging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 942:300–305.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aldrich EM, Peusner KD (2002) Vestibular compensation after ganglionectomy: ultrastructural study of the tangential vestibular nucleus and behavioral study of the hatchling chick. J Neurosci Res 67:122–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anastasio TJ (1992) Simulating vestibular compensation using recurrent back-propagation. Biol Cybern 66:389–397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anson BJ, Donaldson JA (1973) Surgical Anatomy of the Temporal Bone and Ear. Philadelphia: Saunders, p. 285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arai Y, Yakushin SB, Cohen B, Suzuki J, Raphan T (2002) Spatial orientation of caloric nystagmus in semicircular canal-plugged monkeys. J Neurophysiol 88:914–928.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aw ST, Halmagyi GM, Pohl DV, Curthoys IS, Yavor RA, Todd MJ (1995) Compensation of the human vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex following occlusion of one vertical semicircular canal is incomplete. Exp Brain Res 103:471–475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aw ST, Haslwanter T, Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS, Yavor RA, Todd MJ (1996a) Three-dimensional vector analysis of the human vestibuloocular reflex in response to high-acceleration head rotations. I. Responses in normal subjects. J Neurophysiol 76:4009–4020.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aw ST, Halmagyi GM, Haslwanter T, Curthoys IS, Yavor RA, Todd MJ (1996b) Three-dimensional vector analysis of the human vestibuloocular reflex in response to high-acceleration head rotations. II. Responses in subjects with unilateral vestibular loss and selective semicircular canal occlusion. J Neurophysiol 76:4021–4030.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aw ST, Haslwanter T, Fetter M, Heimberger J, Todd MJ (1998) Contribution of the vertical semicircular canals to the caloric nystagmus. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 118:618–627.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aw ST, Fetter M, Cremer PD, Karlberg M, Halmagyi GM (2001) Individual semicircular canal function in superior and inferior vestibular neuritis. Neurology 57:768–774.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babalian A, Vibert N, Assie G, Serafin M, Muhlethaler M, Vidal PP (1997) Central vestibular networks in the guinea-pig-functional characterization in the isolated whole brain in vitro. J Neurosci 81:405–426.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Backous DD, Minor LB, Aboujaoude ES, Nager GT (1999) Relationship of the utriculus and sacculus to the stapes footplate: anatomic implications for sound-and/or pressure-induced otolith activation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 108:548–553.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bain PG, O’Brien MD, Keevil SF, Porter DA (1992) Familial periodic ataxia: a problem of cerebellar intracellular pH homeostasis. Ann Neurol 31:147–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne J (1984) Ototoxicity. In: Oosterveld WJ (ed) Otoneurology. New York: Wiley, pp. 41–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baloh RW (2002) Robert Barany and the controversy surrounding his discovery of the caloric reaction. Neurology 58:1094–1099.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baloh RW, Andrews JC (1999) Migraine and Meniere’s disease. In: Harris JP (ed) Meniere’s Disease. The Hague, The Netherlands: Kugler Publications, pp. 281–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baloh RW, Jacobson K, Fife T (1994) Familial vestibulopathy: a new dominantly inherited syndrome. Neurology 44:20–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basser LS (1964) Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood: a variety of vestibular neuritis. Brain 87:141–152.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bechterew W (1883) Ergebnisse der Durchschneidung des N. Acusticus, nebst Erorterung der Bedeutung der semicircularen Kanale fur das Korpergleichwicht. Pflügers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere 30:312–347 (as quoted by Zee et al. Bechterew’s phenomenon in a human patient. Ann Neurol 1982;12:495–496).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanks RHI, Estes MS, Markham CH (1975a) Physiologic characteristics of first-order canal neurons in the cat. II. Response to constant accelerations. J Neurophysiol 38:1250–1268.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanks RHI, Curthoys IS, Markham CH (1975b) Planar relationships of the semicircular canals in man. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 80:185–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Böhmer A, Straumann D, Suzuki JI, Hess BJM, Henn V (1996) Contributions of single semicircular canals to caloric nystagmus as revealed by canal plugging in rhesus monkey. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 116:513–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourn D, Carter SA, Evans DG, Goodship J, Coakham H, Strachan T (1994) A mutation in the neurofibromatosis type 2 tumor-suppressor gene, giving rise to widely different clinical phenotypes in two unrelated individuals. Am J Hum Genet 55:69–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brantberg K, Fransson PA (2001) Symmetry measures of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials using objective detection criteria. Scand Audiol 30:189–196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brantberg K, Bergenius J, Mendel L, Witt H, Tribukait A, Ygge J (2001) Symptoms, findings and treatment in patients with dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 121:68–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brugnoni R, Leone M, Rigamonti A, Moranduzzo E, Cornelio F, Mantegazza R, Bussone G (2002) Is the CACNA1A gene involved in familial migraine with aura? Neurol Sci 23:1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bürk K, Fetter M, Abele M, Laccone F, Brice A, Dichgans J, Klockgether T (1999) Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type I: oculomotor abnormalities in families with SCA1, SCA2 and SCA3. J Neurol 246:789–797.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buttner N, Geschwind D, Jen J, Perlman S, Pulst SM, Baloh RW (1998) Oculomotor phenotypes in autosomal dominant ataxias. Arch Neurol 55:1353–1357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron SA, Dutia MB (1997) Cellular basis of vestibular compensation: changes in intrinsic excitability of MVN neurones. Neuroreport 8:2595–2599.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carey JP, Minor LB, Peng GC, Della Santina CC, Cremer PD, Haslwanter T (2002) Changes in the three-dimensional angular vestibulo-ocular reflex following intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere’s disease. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 3:430–443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright AD, Curthoys IS (1996) A neural network simulation of the vestibular system: implications on the role of intervestibular nuclear coupling during vestibular compensation. Biol Cybern 75:485–493.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright AD, Gilchrist DPD, Burgess AM, Curthoys IS (2003) A realistic neural network simulation of both slow and quick phase components of the guinea pig VOR. Exp Brain Res 149:299–311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cirelli C, Pompeiano M, D’Ascanio P, Arrighi P, Pompeiano O (1996) c-fos expression in the rat brain after unilateral labyrinthectomy and its relation to the uncompensated and compensated stages. Neuroscience 70:515–546.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clendaniel RA, Lasker DM, Minor LB (2002) Differential adaptation of the linear and nonlinear components of the horizontal vestibuloocular reflex in squirrel monkeys. J Neurophysiol 88:3534–3540.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coats AC, Smith SY (1967) Body position and the intensity of caloric nystagmus. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 63:515–532.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen B, Suzuki JI (1963) Eye movements induced by ampullary nerve stimulation. Am J Physiol 204:347–351.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen B, Suzuki JI, Bender MB (1964) Eye movements from semicircular canal nerve stimulation in the cat. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 73:153–169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen B, Helwig D, Raphan T (1987) Baclofen and velocity storage: a model of the effects of the drug on the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the rhesus monkey. J Physiol (Lond) 393:703–725.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colebatch JG, Halmagyi GM (1992) Vestibular evoked potentials in human neck muscles before and after unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Neurology 42:1635–1636.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colebatch JG, Halmagyi GM, Skuse NF (1994) Myogenic potentials generated by a click-evoked vestibulocollic reflex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:190–197.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colebatch JG, Day BL, Bronstein AM, Davies RA, Gresty MA, Luxon LM, Rothwell JC (1998) Vestibular hypersensitivity to clicks is characteristic of the Tullio phenomenon. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65:670–678.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corey DP, Hasson T, Chen Z-Y, Garcia J, et al. (1996) Location and function of myosins in auditory hair cells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 61:80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cransac H, Peyrin L, Farhat F, Cottet-Emard JM, Pequignot JM, Reber A (1996) Effect of hemilabyrinthectomy on monoamine metabolism in the medial vestibular nucleus, locus coeruleus, and other brainstem nuclei of albino and pigmented rats. J Vestib Res 6:243–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cremer PD, Halmagyi GM, Aw ST, Curthoys IS, McGarvie LA, Todd MJ, Black RA, Hannigan IP (1998) Semicircular canal plane head impulses detect absent function of individual semicircular canals. Brain 121:699–716.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curthoys IS, Halmagyi GM (1995) Vestibular compensation. A review of the oculomotor, neural and clinical consequences of unilateral vestibular loss. J Vestib Res 5:67–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curthoys IS, Halmagyi GM (1998) Vestibular compensation. In: Büttner U (ed) Vestibular dysfunction and its therapy. Advances in Otorhinolaryngology, Volume 55. Basel: Karger, pp. 82–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darlington CL, Smith PF (1996) What neurotransmitters are important in the vestibular system? In: Baloh RW, Halmagyi GM (eds) Disorders of the Vestibular System. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 140–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Waele C, Abitbol M, Chat M, Menini C, Mallet J, Vidal PP (1994) Distribution of glutamatergic receptors and GAD mRNA-containing neurons in the vestibular nuclei of normal and hemilabyrinthectomized rats. Eur J Neurosci 6:565–576.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Waele C, Muhlethaler M, Vidal PP (1995) Neurochemistry of central vestibular pathways: a review. Brain Res Rev 20:24–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Waele C, Torres AC, Josset P, Vidal PP (1996) Evidence for reactive astrocytes in rat vestibular and cochlear nuclei following unilateral inner ear lesion. Eur J Neurosci 8:2006–2018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Waele C, Huy PT, Diard JP, Freyss G, Vidal PP (1999) Saccular dysfunction in Meniere’s disease. Am J Otol 20:223–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Waele C, Meguenni R, Freyss G, Zamith F, Bellalimat N, Vidal PP, Tran Ba Huy P (2002) Intratympanic gentamicin injections for Meniere disease: vestibular hair cell impairment and regeneration. Neurology 59:1442–1444.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Della Santina CC, Cremer PD, Carey JP, Minor LB (2002) Comparison of head thrust test with head autorotation test reveals that the vestibulo-ocular reflex is enhanced during voluntary head movements. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128:1044–1054.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Didier A, Cazals Y (1989) Acoustic responses recorded from the saccular bundle on the eighth nerve of the guinea pig. Hear Res 37:123–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dieringer N (1995) “Vestibular compensation”: neural plasticity and its relations to functional recovery after labyrinthine lesions in frogs and other vertebrates. Prog Neurobiol 46:97–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dohlman G, Money K (1963) Experiments on the Tullio vestibular fistula reaction. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 56:271–278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ducros A, Joutel A, Vahedi K, Cecillon M, Ferreira A, Bernard E, Verier A, Echenne B, Lopez de Munain A, Bousser MG, Tournier-Lasserve E (1997) Mapping of a second locus for familial hemiplegic migraine to 1q21-q23 and evidence of further heterogeneity. Ann Neurol 42:885–890.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ducros A, Denier C, Joutel A, Cecillon M, Lescoat C, Vahedi K, Darcel F, Vicaut E, Bousser MG, Tournier-Lasserve E (2001) The clinical spectrum of familial hemiplegic migraine associated with mutations in a neuronal calcium channel. N Engl J Med 345:17–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duflo SGD, Gestreau C, Tighilet B, Lacour M (1999) Fos expression in the cat brainstem after unilateral vestibular neurectomy. Brain Res 824:1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durig JS, Jen JC, Demer JL (2002) Ocular motility in genetically defined autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia. Am J Ophthalmol 133:718–721.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans DG, Huson SM, Donnai D, Neary W, Blair V, Teare D, Newton V, Strachan T, Ramsden R, Harris R (1992) A genetic study of type 2 neurofibromatosis in the United Kingdom. I. Prevalence, mutation rate, fitness, and confirmation of maternal transmission effect on severity. J Med Genet 29:841–846.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans DG, Trueman L, Wallace A, Collins S, Strachan T (1998) Genotype/phenotype correlations in type 2 neurofibromatosis (NF2): evidence for more severe disease associated with truncating mutations. J Med Genet 35:450–455.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans DG, Sainio M, Baser ME (2000) Neurofibromatosis type 2. J Med Genet 37:897–904.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ewald EJR (1892) Physiologische Untersuchungen uber das Endorgans des Nervus Octavus. Wiesbaden: Bergmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferber-Viart C, Dubreuil C, Duclaux R (1999) Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in humans: a review. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 119:6–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fetter M, Dichgans J (1996) Vestibular neuritis spares the inferior division of the vestibular nerve. Brain 119:755–763.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fetter M, Zee DS (1988) Recovery from unilateral labyrinthectomy in rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 59:370–393.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fetter M, Aw S, Haslwanter T, Hemiberger J, Dichgans J (1998) Three-dimensional eye movement analysis during caloric stimulation used to test vertical semicircular canal function. Am J Otol 19:180–187.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flohr H, Abeln W, Luneburg U (1985) Neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems involved in vestibular compensation. Rev Oculomot Res 1:269–277.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gacek RR, Schoonmaker JE (1997) Morphologic changes in the vestibular nerves and nuclei after labyrinthectomy in the cat: a case for the neurotrophin hypothesis in vestibular compensation. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 117:244–249.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gacek RR, Lyon MJ, Schoonmaker J (1988) Ultrastructural changes in vestibulo-ocular neurons following vestibular neurectomy in the cat. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 97:42–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gacek RR, Lyon MJ, Schoonmaker JE (1989) Morphologic correlates of vestibular compensation in the cat. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 462:1–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gacek RR, Lyon MJ, Schoonmaker J (1991) Ultrastructural changes in contralateral vestibulo-ocular neurons following vestibular neurectomy in the cat. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 477:1–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galiana HL, Flohr H, Melvill Jones G (1984) A reevaluation of intervestibular nuclear coupling: its role in vestibular compensation. J Neurophysiol 51:242–259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Añoveros J, Corey DP (1997) The molecules of mechanosensation. Annu Rev Neurosci 20:567–594.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner JC, Goliath R, Viljoen D, Sellars S, Cortopassi G, Hutchin T, Greenberg J, Beighton P (1997) Familial streptomycin ototoxicity in a South African family: a mitochondrial disorder. J Med Genet 34:904–906.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner K, Barmada MM, Ptacek LJ, Hoffman EP (1997) A new locus for hemiplegic migraine maps to chromosome 1q31. Neurology 49:1231–1238.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gentine A, Eichhorn J-L, Kopp C, Conraux C (1990) Modelling the action of caloric stimulation of the vestibule. I. The hydrostatic model. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 110:328–333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson F, Walsh J, Mburu P, Varela A, Brown KA, Antonio M, Beisel KW, Steel KP, Brown SD (1995) A type VII myosin encoded by the mouse deafness gene Shaker-1. Nature 374:62–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist DP, Curthoys IS, Burgess AM, Cartwright AD, Jinnouchi K, MacDougall HG, Halmagyi GM (2000) Semicircular canal occlusion causes permanent VOR changes. Neuroreport 11:2527–2531.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist DPD, Curthoys IS, Cartwright AD, Burgess AM, Topple AN, Halmagyi GM (1998) High acceleration impulsive rotations reveal severe long-term deficits of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex in the guinea pig. Exp Brain Res 123:242–254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist DPD, Cartwright AD, Burgess AM, Curthoys IS (2003) Behavioural characteristics of the quick phase of vestibular nystagmus before and after unilateral labyrinthectomy in guinea pig. Exp Brain Res 149:289–298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg JM, Fernández C (1971) Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. I. Resting discharge and response to constant angular accelerations. J Neurophysiol 34:635–660.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez CM, Thompson RM, Gammack JT, Perlman SL, Dobyns WB, Truwit CL, Zee DS, Clark HB, Anderson JH (1997) Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6: gazeevoked and vertical nystagmus, Purkinje cell degeneration, and variable age of onset. Ann Neurol 42:933–950.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham BP, Dutia MB (2001) Cellular basis of vestibular compensation: analysis and modelling of the role of the commissural inhibitory system. Exp Brain Res 137:387–396.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griggs RC, Moxley RT III, Lafrance RA, McQuillen J (1978) Hereditary paroxysmal ataxia: response to acetazolamide. Neurology 28:1259–1264.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guida S, Trettel F, Pagnutti S, Mantuano E, Tottene A, Veneziano L, Fellin T, Spadaro M, Stauderman K, Williams M, Volsen S, Ophoff R, Frants R, Jodice C, Frontali M, Pietrobon D (2001) Complete loss of P/Q calcium channel activity caused by a CACNA1A missense mutation carried by patients with episodic ataxia type 2. Am J Hum Genet 68:759–764.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guyot JP, Lyon MJ, Gacek RR, Magnin C (1995) Ultrastructural changes in superior vestibular commissural neurons following vestibular neurectomy in the cat. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 104:381–387.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM (1994) Vestibular insufficiency following unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Aust J Otolaryngol 1:510–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS (1988) A clinical sign of canal paresis. Arch Neurol 45:737–739.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS (1999) Clinical testing of otolith function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 871:195–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, Gresty MA, Gibson WP (1979) Ocular tilt reaction with peripheral vestibular lesion. Ann Neurol 6:80–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, Rudge P, Gresty MA, Leigh RJ, Zee DS (1980) Treatment of periodic alternating nystagmus. Ann Neurol 8:609–611.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS, Cremer PD, Henderson CJ, Todd MJ, Staples MJ, D’Cruz DM (1990) The human horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex in response to high-acceleration stimulation before and after unilateral vestibular neurectomy. Exp Brain Res 81:479–490.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS, Colebatch JG (1994a) New tests of vestibular function. Baillieres Clin Neurol 3:485–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, Fattore CM, Curthoys IS, Wade S (1994b) Gentamicin vestibulotoxicity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 111:571–574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, Yavor RA, Colebatch JG (1995) Tapping the head activates the vestibular system: a new use for the clinical reflex hammer. Neurology 45:1927–1929.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, McGarvie LA, Aw ST, Yavor RA, Todd MJ (2003a). The click-evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex in superior semicircular canal dehiscence. Neurology 60:1172–1175.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, Aw ST, McGarvie LA, Todd MJ, Bradshaw A, Yavor RA, Fagan PA (2003b) Superior semicircular canal dehiscence simulating otosclerosis. J Larynogol Otol 117:553–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haslwanter T (1995) Mathematics of three-dimensional eye rotations. Vision Res 35:1727–1739.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henley C, Igarashi M (1993) Polyamines in the lateral vestibular nuclei of the squirrel monkey and their potential role in vestibular compensation. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 113:235–238.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henley CM, Igarashi M (1991) Amino acid assay of vestibular nuclei 10 months after unilateral labyrinthectomy in squirrel monkeys. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 481:407–410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess BJ, Lysakowski A, Minor LB, Angelaki DE (2000) Central versus peripheral origin of vestibuloocular reflex recovery following semicircular canal plugging in rhesus monkeys. J Neurophsiol 84:3078–3082.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Him A, Dutia MB (2001) Intrinsic excitability changes in vestibular nucleus neurons after unilateral deafferentation. Brain Res 908:58–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Him A, Johnston AR, Yau JLW, Seckl J, Dutia MB (2001) Tonic activity and GABA responsiveness of medial vestibular nucleus neurons in aged rats. Neuroreport 12:3965–3968.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu DN, Qiu WQ, Wu BT, Fang LZ, Zhou F, Gu YP, Zhang QH, Yan JH, Ding YQ, Wong H (1991) Genetic aspects of antibiotic induced deafness: mitochondrial inheritance. J Med Genet 28:79–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hullar TE, Minor LB (1999) High-frequency dynamics of regularly discharging canal afferents provide a linear signal for angular vestibuloocular reflexes. J Neurophysiol 82:2000–2005.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imbert G, Saudou F, Yvert G, Devys D, Trottier Y, Garnier JM, Weber C, Mandel JL, Cancel G, Abbas N, Durr A, Didierjean O, Stevanin G, Agid Y, Brice A (1996) Cloning of the gene for spinocerebellar ataxia 2 reveals a locus with high sensitivity to expanded CAG/glutamine repeats. Nat Genet 14:285–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackler RJ (1994) Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma). In: Jackler RJ, Brackmann DE (eds) Neurotology. St Louis: Mosby, pp. 729–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jen J, Wan J, Graves M, Yu H, Mock AF, Coulin CJ, Kim G, Yue Q, Papazian DM, Baloh RW (2001) Loss-of-function EA2 mutations are associated with impaired neuromuscular transmission. Neurology 57:1843–1848.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jen JC, Yue Q, Karrim J, Nelson SF, Baloh RW (1998) Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 with positional vertigo and acetazolamide responsive episodic ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65:565–568.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joutel A, Bousser MG, Biousse V, Labauge P, et al. (1993) A gene for familial hemiplegic migraine maps to chromosome 19. Nat Genet 5:40–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joutel A, Ducros A, Vahedi K, Labauge P, et al. (1994) Genetic heterogeneity of familial hemiplegic migraine. Am J Hum Genet 55:1166–1172.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawaguchi Y, Okamoto T, Taniwaki M, Aizawa M, Inoue M, Katayama S, Kawakami H, Nakamura S, Nishimura M, Akiguchi I, Kimura J, Narumiya S, Kakizuka A (1994) CAG expansions in a novel gene for Machado-Joseph disease at chromosome 14q32.1. Nat Genet 8:221–228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kentala E, Pyykko I (1997) Benign recurrent vertigo-true or artificial diagnosis. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 529:101–103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kevetter GA, Perachio AA (1986) Distribution of vestibular afferents that innervate the sacculus and posterior canal in the gerbil. J Comp Neurol 254:410–424.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khetarpal U (1993) Autosomal dominant sensorineural hearing loss. Further temporal bone findings. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119:106–108.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khetarpal U (2000) DFNA9 is a progressive audiovestibular dysfunction with a microfibrillar deposit in the inner ear. Laryngoscope 110:1379–1384.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khetarpal U, Schuknecht HF, Gacek RR, Holmes LB (1991) Autosomal dominant sensorineural hearing loss. Pedigrees, audiologic findings, and temporal bone findings in two kindreds. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:1032–1042.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Yue Q, Jen JC, Nelson SF, Baloh RW (1998) Familial migraine with vertigo: no mutations found in CACNA1A. Am J Med Genet 79:148–151.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimberling WJ, Moller CG, Davenport SLH, Lund G, Grissom TJ, Priluck I, White V, Weston MD, Biscone-Halterman K, Brookhouser PE (1989) Usher syndrome: clinical findings and gene localization studies. Laryngoscope 99:66–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kluwe L, MacCollin M, Tatagiba M, Thomas S, Hazim W, Haase W, Mautner VF (1998) Phenotypic variability associated with 14 splice-site mutations in the NF2 gene. Am J Med Genet 77:228–233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kluwe L, Friedrich RE, Tatagiba M, Mautner VF (2002) Presymptomatic diagnosis for children of sporadic neurofibromatosis 2 patients: a method based on tumor analysis. Genet Med 4:27–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knudson AG (1971) Mutation and cancer: a statistical study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68:820–823.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Komatsuzaki A, Tsunoda A (2001) Nerve origin of the acoustic neuroma. J Laryngol Otol 115:376–379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushiro K, Zakir M, Ogawa Y, Sato H, Uchino Y (1999) Saccular and utricular inputs to sternocleidomastoid motoneurons of decerebrate cats. Exp Brain Res 126:410–416.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanzi G, Ballotin U, Fazzi E, Tagliasacchi M, Manfrin M, Mira E (1994) Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood: a long term follow-up. Cephalalgia 14:458–460.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lasker DM, Backous DD, Lysakowski A, Davis GL, Minor LB (1999) Horizontal vestibuloocular reflex evoked by high-acceleration rotations in the squirrel monkey. II. Responses after canal plugging. J Neurophysiol 82:1271–1285.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lasker DM, Hullar TE, Minor LB (2000) Horizontal vestibuloocular reflex evoked by high-acceleration rotations in the squirrel monkey. III. Responses after labyrinthectomy. J Neurophysiol 83:2482–2496.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Godfrey TG, Godfrey DA, Rubin AM (1996) Quantitative changes of amino acid distributions in the rat vestibular nuclear complex after unilateral vestibular ganglionectomy. J Neurochem 66:1550–1564.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall HG, Brizuela AE, Burgess AM, Curthoys IS (2002) Between-subject variability and within-subject reliability of the human eye-movement response to bilateral galvanic (DC) vestibular stimulation. Exp Brain Res 144:69–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manolis EN, Yandavi N, Nadol JB Jr, Eavey RD, McKenna M, Rosenbaum S, Khetarpal U, Halpin C, Merchant SN, Duyk GM, MacRae C, Seidman CE, Seidman JG (1996) A gene for non-syndromic autosomal dominant progressive postlingual sensorineural hearing loss maps to chromosome 14q12-13. Hum Mol Genet 5:1047–1050.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martini A (1982) Hereditary Meniere’s disease: report of two families. Am J Otolaryngol 3:163–167.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martini A, Mazzoli M, Kimberling W (1997) An introduction to the genetics of normal and defective hearing. Ann N Y Acad Sci 830:361–374.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • May A, Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Urban C, van Eijk R, Haan J, Diener HC, Lindhout D, Frants RR, Sandkuijl LA, Ferrari MD (1995) Familial hemiplegic migraine locus on 19p13 is involved in the common forms of migraine with and without aura. Hum Genet 96:604–608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCue MP, Guinan JJ (1997) Sound-evoked activity in primary afferent neurons of the mammalian vestibular system. Am J Otol 18:355–360.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minor LB, Solomon D, Zinreich JS, Zee DS (1998) Tullio’s phenomenon due to deshiscence of the superior semicircular canal. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124:249–258.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minor LB, Carey JP, Cremer PD, Lustig LR, Streubel SO, Ruckenstein MJ (2003) Dehiscence of bone overlying the superior canal as a cause of apparent conductive hearing loss. Otol Neurotol 24:270–278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffat DA, Irving R (1995) The molecular genetics of vestibular schwannoma. J Laryngol Otol 109:381–384.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morell RJ, Hung JK, Hood LJ, Goforth L, Friderici K, Fisher R, Van Camp G, Berlin Cl, Oddoux C, Ostrer H, Keats B, Friedman TB (1998) Mutations in the connexin 26 gene (GJB2) among ashkenazi Jews with nonsyndromic recessive deafness. N Engl J Med 339:1500–1505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moretti G, Manzoni GC, Caffarra P, Parma M (1980) “Benign recurrent vertigo” and its connection with migraine. Headache 20:344–346.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murofushi T, Curthoys IS (1997) Physiological and anatomical study of clicksensitive primary vestibular afferents in the guinea-pig. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 117:66–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murofushi T, Curthoys IS, Topple AN, Colebatch JG, Halmagyi GM (1995) Responses of guinea pig primary vestibular neurons to clicks. Exp Brain Res 103:174–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murofushi T, Curthoys IS, Gilchrist DP (1996a) Response of guinea pig vestibular nucleus neurons to clicks. Exp Brain Res 111:149–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murofushi T, Halmagyi GM, Yavor RA, Colebatch JG (1996b) Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in vestibular neuritis: an indicator of inferior vestibular nerve involvement. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:845–848.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murofushi T, Matsuzaki M, Mizuno M (1998) Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with acoustic neuromas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124:509–512.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murofushi T, Matsuzaki M, Wu CH (1999) Short tone burst-evoked myogenic potentials on the sternocleidomastoid muscle: Are these potentials also of vestibular origin? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125:660–664.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murofushi T, Matsuzaki M, Takegoshi H (2001a) Glycerol affects vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in Meniere’s disease. Auris Nasus Larynx 28:205–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murofushi T, Shimizu K, Takegoshi H, Cheng PW (2001b) Diagnostic value of prolonged latencies in the vestibular evoked myogenic potential. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127:1069–1072.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murofushi T, Takegoshi H, Ohki M, Ozeki H (2002) Galvanic-evoked myogenic responses in patients with an absence of click-evoked vestibulo-collic reflexes. Clin Neurophysiol 113:305–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhauser H, Leopold M, von Brevern M, Arnold G, Lempert T (2001) The interrelations of migraine, vertigo, and migrainous vertigo. Neurology 56:436–441.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noble-Topham SE, Dyment DA, Cader MZ, Ganapathy R, Brown JD, Rice GP, Ebers GC (2002) Migraine with aura is not linked to the FHM gene CACNA1A or the chromosomal region, 19p13. Neurology 59:1099–1101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oh AK, Jacobson KM, Jen JC, Baloh RW (2001) Slowing of voluntary and involuntary saccades: an early sign in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7. Ann Neurol 49:801–804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira CA, Bezerra RL, Araujo MF, Almeida VF, Messias CI (1997) Meniere’s syndrome and migraine: incidence in one family. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 106:823–829.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill G (1987) The caloric stimulus-temperature generation within the temporal bone. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 103:266–272.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ophoff RA, van Eijk R, Sandkuijl LA, Terwindt GM, Grubben CP, Haan J, Lindhout D, Ferrari MD, Frants RR (1994) Genetic heterogeneity of familial hemiplegic migraine. Genomics 22:21–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Vergouwe MN, van Eijk R, Oefner PJ, Hoffman SMG, Lamerdin JE, Mohrenweiser HW, Bulman DE, Ferrari M, Haan J, Lindhout D, van Ommen G-JB, Hofker MH, Ferrari MD, Frants RR (1996) Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell 87:543–552.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orr HT, Chung M-Y, Banfi S, Kwiatkowski TJ Jr, Servadio A, Beaudet AL, McCall AE, Duvick LA, Ranum LP, Zoghbi HY (1993) Expansion of an unstable trinucleotide CAG repeat in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Nat Genet 4:211–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parry DM, Eldridge R, Kaiser-Kupfer MI, Bouzas EA, Pikus A, Patronas N (1994) Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2): clinical characteristics of 63 affected individuals and clinical evidence for heterogeneity. Am J Med Genet 52:450–461.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parry DM, MacCollin MM, Kaiser-Kupfer MI, Pulaski K, Nicholson HS, Bolesta M, Eldridge R, Gusella JF (1996) Germ-line mutations in the neurofibromatosis 2 gene: correlations with disease severity and retinal abnormalities. Am J Hum Genet 59:529–539.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Philcox DV, Sellars SL, Pamplett R, Beighton P (1975) Vestibular dysfunction in hereditary ataxia. Brain 98:309–316.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickles JO, Comis SD, Osborne MP (1984) Cross-links between stereocilia in the guinea pig organ of Corti, and their possible relation to sensory transduction. Hear Res 15:103–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl DV (1996) Surgical procedures for benign postitional vertigo. In: Baloh RW, Halmagyi GM (eds) Disorders of the Vestibular System. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 563–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Precht W, Shimazu H (1965) Functional connections of tonic and kinetic vestibular neurons with primary vestibular afferents. J Neurophysiol 28:1014–1028.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Precht W, Shimazu H, Markham CH (1966) A mechanism of central compensation of vestibular function following hemilabyrinthectomy. J Neurophysiol 29:996–1010.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prezant TR, Agapian JV, Bohlman CM, Bu X, Oztas S, Qiu WQ, Arnos KS, Cortopassi G, Jaber L, Rotter JI, Shohat M, Fischel-Ghodsian N (1993) Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA mutation associated with both antibiotic-induced and non-syndromic deafness. Nat Genet 4:289–294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ptacek LJ (1998) The place of migraine as a channelopathy. Curr Opin Neurol 11:217–226.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabbitt RD, Boyle R, Highstein SM (1999) Influence of surgical plugging on horizontal semicircular canal mechanics and afferent response dynamics. J Neurophysiol 82:1033–1053.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radtke A, Lempert T, Gresty MA, Brookes GB, Bronstein AM, Neuhauser H (2002) Migraine and Meniere’s disease: Is there a link? Neurology 59:1700–1704.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid CB, Eisenberg R, Halmagyi GM, Fagan PA (1996) The outcome of vestibular nerve section for intractable vertigo: the patients’ point of view. Laryngoscope 106:1553–1556.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reisine H, Raphan T (1992) Neural basis for eye velocity generation in the vestibular nuclei of alert monkeys during off-vertical axis rotation. Exp Brain Res 92:209–226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ris L, Godaux E (1998) Neuronal activity in the vestibular nuclei after contralateral or bilateral labyrinthectomy in the alert guinea pig. J Neurophysiol 80:2352–2367.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ris L, de Waele C, Serafin M, Vidal PP, Godaux E (1995) Neuronal activity in the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus following unilateral labyrinthectomy in the alert guinea pig. J Neurophysiol 74:2087–2099.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ris L, Capron B, de Waele C, Vidal PP, Godaux E (1997) Dissociations between behavioural recovery and restoration of vestibular activity in the unilabyrinthectomized guinea-pig. J Physiol (Lond) 500:509–522.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson NG, Lu L, Heller S, Merchant SN, Eavey RD, McKenna M, Nadol JB Jr, Miyamoto RT, Linthicum FH Jr, Lubianca Neto JF, Hudspeth AJ, Seidman CE, Morton CC, Seidman JG (1998) Mutations in a novel cochlear gene cause DFNA9, a human nonsyndromic deafness with vestibular dysfunction. Nat Genet 20:299–303.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson NG, Resendes BL, Lin JS, Lee C, Aster JC, Adams JC, Morton CC (2001) lnner ear localization of mRNA and protein products of COCH mutated in the sensorineural deafness and vestibular disorder DFNA9. Hum Mol Genet 10:2493–2500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rouleau GA, Merel P, Lutchman M, Sanson M, Zucman J, Marineau C, Hoang-Xuan K, Demczuk S, Desmaze C, Plougastel B, Pulst S, Lenoir G, Bijlsma E, Fashold K, Dumanski J, de Jong P, Parry D, Eldridge R, Aurias A, Delattre O, Thomas G (1993) Alteration in a new gene encoding a putative membraneorganising protein causes neurofibromatosis type 2. Nature 363:515–521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saxon DW, Anderson JH, Beitz AJ (2001) Transtympanic tetrodotoxin alters the VOR and Fos labeling in the vestibular complex. Neuroreport 12:3051–3055.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid-Priscoveanu A, Bohmer A, Obzina H, Straumann D (2001) Caloric and search-coil head-impulse testing in patients after vestibular neuritis. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2:72–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuknecht H (1957) Ablation therapy in the management of Meniere’s disease. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 132:1–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scoles DR, Baser ME, Pulst SM (1996) A missense mutation in the neurofibromatosis 2 gene occurs in patients with mild and severe phenotypes. Neurology 47:544–546.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scudder CA, Fuchs AF (1992) Physiological and behavioural identification of vestibular nucleus neurons mediating the horizontal vestibuloocular reflex in trained rhesus monkeys. J Neurophysiol 68:244–264.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serafin M, de Waele C, Khateb A, Vidal PP, Muhlethaler M (1991a) Medial vestibular nucleus in the guinea-pig. I. Intrinsic membrane properties in brainstem slices. Exp Brain Res 84:417–425.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serafin M, de Waele C, Khateb A, Vidal PP, Muhlethaler M (1991b) Medial vestibular nucleus in the guinea-pig. II. Ionic basis of the intrinsic membrane properties in brainstem slices. Exp Brain Res 84:426–433.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheykholeslami K, Murofushi T, Kermany MH, Kaga K (2000) Bone-conducted evoked myogenic potentials from the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 120:731–734.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheykholeslami K, Habiby Kermany M, Kaga K (2001) Bone-conducted vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with congenital atresia of the external auditory canal. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 57:25–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimazu H, Precht W (1965) Tonic and kinetic responses of cat’s vestibular neurons to horizontal angular acceleration. J Neurophysiol 28:991–1013.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimazu H, Precht W (1966) Inhibition of central vestibular neurons from the contralateral labyrinth and its mediating pathway. J Neurophysiol 29:467–492.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu K, Murofushi T, Sakurai M, Halmagyi M (2000) Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69: 276–277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slater R (1979) Benign recurrent vertigo. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42:363–367.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel EA, Demetriades TD (1925) Die zentrale Kompensation des Labyrinthverlustes. Pflügers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere 210:215–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streubel S-O, Cremer PD, Carey JP, Weg N, Minor LB (2001) Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 545:41–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sue CM, Lipsett LJ, Crimmins DS, Tsang CS, Boyages SC, Presgrave CM, Gibson WPR, Byrne E, Morris JGL (1998) Cochlear origin of hearing loss in MELAS syndrome. Ann Neurol 43:350–359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson R, Hice RE, Folander K, Sanguinetti MC (1993) The IsK protein, a slowly activating voltage-dependent K+ channel. Semin Neurosci 5:117–124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabak S, Collewijn H, Boumans LJJM, Vandersteen J (1997a) Gain and delay of human vestibulo-ocular reflexes to oscillation and steps of the head by a reactive torque helmet. I. Normal subjects. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 117:785–787.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabak S, Collewijn H, Boumans LJJM, Vandersteen J (1997b) Gain and delay of human vestibulo-ocular reflexes to oscillation and steps of the head by a reactive torque helmet. II. Vestibular-deficient subjects. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 117:796–809.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tighilet B, Lacour M (2001) Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity in the vestibular nuclei of normal and unilateral vestibular neurectomized cats. Eur J Neurosci 13:2255–2267.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd N (2001) Evidence for a behavioral significance of saccular acoustic sensitivity in humans. J Acoust Soc Am 110:380–390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trofatter JA, MacCollin MM, Rutter JL, Murrell JR, Duyao MP, Parry DM, Eldridge R, Kley N, Menon AG, Pulaski K, Haase V, Ambrose C, Munroe D, Bove C, Haines J, Martuza R, MacDonald M, Seizinger B, Short MP, Buckler A, Gusella J (1993) A novel moesin-, ezrin-, radixin-like gene is a candidate for the neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor. Cell 72:791–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsumi T, Tsunoda A, Noguchi Y, Komatsuzaki A (2000) Prediction of the nerves of origin of vestibular schwannomas with vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Am J Otol 21:712–715.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tullio P (1929) Das Ohr und die Entstehung der Sprache und Schrift. Berlin: Urban and Schwarzenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhagen WI, Huygen PL, Horstink MW (1987) Familial congenital vestibular areflexia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:933–935.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Versino M, Colnaghi S, Callieco R, Bergamaschi R, Romani A, Cosi V (2002) Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Neurophysiol 113:1464–1469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter DE, Mann JR, Wangemann P, Jianzhong L, McLaughlin KJ, Lesage F, Marcus DC, Lazdunski M, Heinemann SF, Barhanin J (1996) Inner ear defects induced by null mutation of the isk gene. Neuron 17:1251–1264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vibert N, de Waele C, Serafin M, Babalian A, Muhlethaler M, Vidal PP (1997) The vestibular system as a model of sensorimotor transformations. A combined in vivo and in vitro approach to study the cellular mechanisms of gaze and posture stabilization in mammals. Prog Neurobiol 51:243–286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vibert N, Babalian A, Serafin M, Gasc JP, Muhlethaler M, Vidal PP (1999) Plastic changes underlying vestibular compensation in the guinea-pig persist in isolated, in vitro whole brain preparations. Neuroscience 93:413–432.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vibert N, Beraneck M, Bantikyan A, Vidal PP (2000) Vestibular compensation modifies the sensitivity of vestibular neurons to inhibitory amino acids. Neuroreport 11:1921–1927.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal PP, de Waele C, Vibert N, Muhlethaler M (1998a) Vestibular compensation revisited. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119:34–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vuillaume I, Devos D, Schraen-Maschke S, Dina C, Lemainque A, Vasseur F, Bocquillon G, Devos P, Kocinski C, Marzys C, Destee A, Sablonniere B (2002) A new locus for spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA21) maps to chromosome 7p21.3–p15.1. Ann Neurol 52:666–670.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson SR, Fagan P, Colebatch JG (1998) Galvanic stimulation evokes short-latency EMG responses in sternocleidomastoid which are abolished by selective vestibular nerve section. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 109:471–474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson SR, Halmagyi GM, Colebatch JG (2000) Vestibular hypersensitivity to sound (Tullio phenomenon): structural and functional assessment. Neurology 54:722–728.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weil D, Blanchard S, Kaplan J, Guilford P, Gibson F, Walsh J, Mburu P, Varela A, Levilliers J, Weston MD, Kelley PM, Kimberling WJ, Wagenaar M, Levi-Acobas F, Larget-Piet D, Munnich A, Steel KP, Brown SDM, Petit C (1995) Defective myosin VII gene responsible for Usher syndrome type 1B. Nature 374:60–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissenstein L, Ratnam R, Anastasio TJ (1996) Vestibular compensation in the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex of the goldfish. Behav Brain Res 75:127–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welgampola MS, Colebatch JG (2001) Characteristics of tone burst-evoked myogenic potentials in the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Otol Neurotol 22:796–802.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welgampola MS, Rosengren SM, Halmagyi GM, Colebatch JG (2003) Vestibular activation by bone-conducted sound. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:771–778.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welling DB (1998) Clinical manifestations of mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene in vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas). Laryngoscope 108:178–189.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yagi T, Kurosaki S, Yamanobe S, Morizono T (1992) Three-component analysis of caloric nystagmus in humans. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118:1077–1080.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanaka T, Him A, Cameron SA, Dutia MB (2000) Rapid compensatory changes in GABA receptor efficacy in rat vestibular neurons after unilateral labyrinthectomy. J Physiol (Lond) 523:413–424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young ED, Fernández C, Goldberg JM (1977) Responses of squirrel monkey vestibular neurons to audio-frequency sound and head vibration. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 84:352–360.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young YH, Wu CC, Wu CH (2002a) Augmentation of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: an indication for distended saccular hydrops. Laryngoscope 112:509–512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young YH, Huang TW, Cheng PW (2002b) Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in delayed endolymphatic hydrops. Laryngoscope 112:1623–1626.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yue Q, Jen JC, Nelson SF, Baloh RW (1997) Progressive ataxia due to a missense mutation in a calcium-channel gene. Am J Hum Genet 61:1078–1087.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zee DS, Preziosi TJ, Proctor LR (1982) Bechterew’s phenomenon in a human patient. Ann Neurol 12:495–496.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuchenko O, Bailey J, Bonnen P, Ashizawa T, Stockton DW, Amos C, Dobyns WB, Subramony SH, Zoghbi HY, Lee CC (1997) Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (SCA6) associated with small polyglutamine expansions in alpha-1-A-voltage-dependent calcium channel. Nat Genet 15:62–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Halmagyi, G.M., Curthoys, I.S., Aw, S.T., Jen, J.C. (2004). Clinical Applications of Basic Vestibular Research. In: Highstein, S.M., Fay, R.R., Popper, A.N. (eds) The Vestibular System. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 19. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21567-0_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21567-0_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-98314-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-21567-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics