Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis ((IAPA))

  • 209 Accesses

Conclusions

It has been widely believed that the blood of healthy individuals should be germ-free. However, as discussed in this chapter at least a significant fraction of the healthy population carries C. pneumoniae in their blood without any clinical symptoms. Because the detection of bacterial antigen, including DNA, in blood may not prove the viability of the bacteria, validation of viability of the organisms determined by PCR is essential for study of Chlamydia infection in certaininflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. In addition, the level of C. pneumoniae in blood is also important in determining whether this bacterium is involved in certain diseases because healthy subjects also carry this pathogen in their blood. Thus, there are still many questions which are currently being investigated by several study groups, including ours.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Apfalter, P., Blasi, F., Boman, J., Gaydos, C. A., Kundi, M., Maass, M., Markristathis, A., Meijer, A., Nadrchal, R., Persson, K., Rotter, M. L., Tong, C. Y., Stanek, G., and Hirschl, A. M., 2001, Multicenter comparison trial of DNA extraction methods and PCR assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in endarterectomy specimens, J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:519–524.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Apfalter, P., Boman, J., Nehr, M., Hienerth, H., Makristathis, A., Pauer, J., Thalhammer, R, Willinger, B., Rotter, M. L., and Hirschl, A. M., 2001, Application of blood-based polymerase chain reaction for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in acute respiratory tract infections, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis, 20:584–546.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Berger, M., Schroder, B., Daeschlein, G., Schneider, W., Busjhn, A., Buchwalow, I., Luft, F. C., and Haller, H., 2000, Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in non-coronary atherosclerotic plaques and circulating leukocytes, J.Lab. Clin. Med. 136:194–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Blasi, F., Boman, J., Esposito, G., Melissano, G., Chiesa, R., Cosentini, R., Tarsia, P., Tshomba, Y., Betti, M., Alessi, M., Morelli, N., and Allegra, L., 1999, Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA detection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is predictive of vascular infection, J. Infect. Dis. 180:2074–2076.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bodetti, T.J., and Timms, P., 2000, Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA and antigen in the circulating mononuclear cell fractions of humans and koalas, Infect. Immun. 68:2744–2747.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Boman, J., and Hammerschlag, M. R., 2002, Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: Critical assessment of diagnostic methods and relevance to treatment studies, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15:1–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Boman, J., Soderberg, S., Forsberg, J., Birgander, L. S., Allard, A., Persson, K., Jidell, E., Kumlin, U., Juto, P., Waldenstrom, A., and Wadell, G., 1998, High prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with cardiovascular diseae and in middle-aged blood donors, J. Infect. Dis. 178:274–277.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Byrnes, J. J., Downey, K. M., Esserman, L., and So, A. G., 1975, Mechanism of hemin inhibition of erythroid cytoplasmic DNA polymerase. Biochemistry 14:796–799.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Curran, R., Talbot, D. C., and Towner, K. J., 1996, A rapid immunoassay method for the direct detection of PCR products: Application to detection of TEM beta-lactmase genes, J. Med. Microbiol. 45:76–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Daugharty, H., Skelton, S. K., and Messmer, T., 1998, Chlamydia DNA extraction for use in PCR: Stability and sensitivity in detection, J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 12:47–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Derfuss, T., Gurkov, R., Then Bergh, F., Goebels, N., Hartmann, M., Barz, C., Wilske, B., Autenrieth, I., Wick, M., Hohlfeld, R., and Meinl, E., 2001, Intrathecal antibody production against Chlamydia pneumoniae in multiple sclerosis is part of a polyspecific immune response, Brain 124:1325–1335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Don, R. H., Cox, P. T., Wainwright, B. J., Baker, K., and Mattick, J. S., 1991, ‘Touchdown’ PCR to circumvent spurious priming during gene amplification, Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4008.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dowell, S. F., Peeling, R. W., Boman, J., Carlone, G. M., Fields, B. S., Guarner, J., Hammerschlag, M. R., Jackson, L. A., Kuo, C. C., Maass, M., Messmer, T. O., Talkington, D. F., Tondella, M. L., and Zaki, S. R., 2001, Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada), Clin. Infect. Dis. 33:492–503.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Espy, M. J., Smith, T. F., and Persing, D. H., 1993, Dependence of polymerase chain reaction product inactivation protocols on amplicon length and sequence composition, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2361–2365.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Everett, K. D., Desiderio, D. M., and Hatch, T. P., 1994, Characterization of lipoprotein EnvA in Chlamydia psittaci 6BC, J. Bacteriol. 176:6082–6087.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Everett, K. D., and Hatch, T. P., 1991, Sequence analysis and lipid modification of the cysteine-rich envelop proteins of Chlamydiapsittaci 6BC, J. Bacterial. 173:3821–3830.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gaydos, C. A., Bobo, L., Welsh, L., Hook, E. W., 3rd, Viscidi, R., and Quinn, T. C., 1992, Gene typing of Chlamydis trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease digestion, Sex. Transm. Dis. 19:303–308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Haranaga, S., Yamaguchi, H., Friedman, H., Izumi, S., and Yamamoto, Y., 2001, Chlamydia pneumoniae infects and multiplies in lymphocytes in vitro. Infect. Immun. 69:7753–7759.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Haranaga, S., Yamaguchi, H., Leparc, G. F., Friedman, H., and Yamamoto, Y., 2001, Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae antigenin PBMNCs of healthy blood donors: Transfusion 41:1114–1119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. He, Q., Marjamaki, M., Soini, H., Mertsola, J., and Viljanen, M. K., 1994, Primers are decisive for sensitivity of PCR, Biotechniques 17:82, 84, 86–87.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Huhtinen, M., Laasila, K., Granfors, K., Puolakkainen, M., Seppala, I., Laasonen, L., Repo, H., Karma, A., and Leirisalo-Repo, M., 2002, Infectious background of patients with a history of acute anterior uveitis, Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61:1012–1016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ikejima, H., Haranaga, S., Takemura, H., Kamo, T., Takahashi, Y., Friedman, H., and Yamamoto, Y., 2001, PCR-based method for isolation and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in cerebrospinal fluids, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8:499–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Illiescu, E. A., Fiebig, M. F., Morton, A. R., and Sankar-Mistry, P., 2000, Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in peritoneal dialysis patients, Perit. Dial. Int. 20:722–726.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Jantos, C. A., Roggendorf, R., Wuppermann, F. N., and Hegemann, J. H., 1998, Rapid detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae by PCR-enzyme immunoassay, J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1890–1894.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kaul, R., Uphoff, J., Wiedeman, J., Yadlappalli, S., and Wenman, W. M., 2000, Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in CD3+ lymphocytes from healthy blood donors and patients with coronary artery disease, Circulation 102:2341–2346.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kitchin, P. A., Szotyori, Z., Fromholc, C., and Almond, N., 1990, Avoidance of PCR false positives [corrected], Nature 344:201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Klein, A., Barsuk, R., Dagan, S., Nusbaum, O., Shouval, D., and Galun, E., 1997, Comparison of methods for extraction of nucleic acid from hemolytic serum for PCR amplification of hepatitis B virus DNA sequences, J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1897–1899.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kwok, S., and Higuchi, R., 1989, Avoiding false positives with PCR, Nature 339:237–238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Longo, M. C., Berninger, M. S., and Hartley, J. L., 1990, Use of uracil DNA glycosylase to control carry-over contamination in polymerase chain reactions, Gene 93:125–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Maass, M., Jahn, J., Gieffers, J., Dalhoff, K., Katus, H. A., and Solbach, W., 2000, Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae within peripheral blood monocytes of patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction, J. Infect. Dis. 181(Suppl. 3):S449–S451.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Madico, G., Quinn, T. C., Boman, J., and Gaydos, C. A., 2000, Touchdown enzyme time release-PCR for detection and identification of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci using the 16S and 16S-23S spacer rRNA genes, J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:1085–1093.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Maraha, B., den Heijer, M., Wullink, M., van der Zee, A., Bergmans, A., Verbakel, H., Kerver, M., Graafsma, S., Kranendonk, S., and Peeters, M., 2001, Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in buff-coat samples of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20:111–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Moazed, T. C., Kuo, C. C., Grayston, J. T., and Campbell, L. A., 1998, Evidence of systemic dissemination of Chlamydia pneumoniae via macrophages in the mouse, J. Infect. Dis. 177:1322–1325.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Muller, J., Nyvad, O., Larsen, N. A., Lokkegaard, N., Pedersen, R. S., Soilling, J., and Pedersen, E. B., 2002, Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in dialysis patients, renal transplant recipients and healthy controls, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 62:503–509.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Radstrom, P., Backman, A., Qian, N., Kragsbjerg, P., Pahlson, C., and Olcen, P., 1994, Detection of bacterial DNA in cerebrospinal fluid by an assay for simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis-Haemophilus influenzae-and streptococci using a seminested PCR strategy, J. Clin Microbiol. 32:2738–2744.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sessa, R., Di Pietro, M., Schiavoni, G., Santino, I., Benedetti-Valentini, F., Perna, R., Romano, S., and Del Piano, M., 2003, Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease, J. Vasc. Surg. 37:1027–1031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sessa, R., Di Pietro, M., Schiavoni, G., Santino, I., Cipriani, P., Romano, S., Penco, M., and del Piano, M., 2001, Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in peripheral blood monounclear cells in Italian patients with acute ischaemic heart disease, Atherosclerosis 159:521–525.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Seward, R. J., and Towner, K. J., 2000, Evaluation of a PCR-immunoassay technique for detection of Neisseria meningitidis in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood, J. Med. Microbiol. 49:451–456.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Smieja, M., Leigh, R., Petrich, A., Chong, S., Kamada, D., Hargreave, F. E., Goldsmith, C. H., Chernesky, M., and Mahony, J. B., 2002, Smoking, season, and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in clinically stable COPD patients, BMC. Infect. Dis. 2:12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Smieja, M., Mahony, J., Petrich, A., Boman, J., and Chernesky, M., 2002, Association of circulating Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review, BMC. Infect. Dis. 2:21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Smieja, M., Mahony, J. B., Goldsmith, C. H., Chong, S., Petrich, A., and Chernesky, M., 2001, Replicate PCR testing and probit analysis for detection and quantitation of Chlamydia pneumoniae in clinical specimens, J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:1796–1801.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Stothard, D. R., Boguslawski, G., and Jones, R. B., 1998, Phylogenetic analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein and examination of potential pathogenic determinants, Infect. Immun. 66:3618–3625.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Tondella, M. L., Talkington, D. F., Holloway, B. P., Dowell, S. F., Cowley, K., Soriano-Gabarro, M., Elkind, M. S., and Fields, B.S., 2002, Development and evaluation of real-time PCR-based fluorescence assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae, J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:575–583.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Tsirpanlis, G., Chatzipanagiotou, S., Ioannidis, A., Moutafis, S., Poulopoulou, C., and Nicolaou, C., 2003, Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Correlation with inflammation and atherosclerosis in haemodialysis patients, Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 18:918–923.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Tuuminen, T., Varjo, S., Ingman, H., Weber, T., Oksi, J., and Viljanen, M., 2000, Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae immunoglobulin G and A antibodies in a healthy Finnish population as analyzed by quantitative enzyme immunoassays, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 7:734–738.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Vainio, K., Vengen, O., Hoel, T., Fremstad, H., and Anestad, G., 2002, Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in aortic valves and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients undergoing aortic valve replacement in Norway, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 34:660–663.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Vince, A., Poljak, M., and Seme, K., 1998, DNA extraction from archival Giemsa-stained bone-marrow slides: comparison of six rapid methods, Br. J. Haematol. 101:349–351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wong, Y., Thomas, M., Tsang, V., Gallagher, P. J., and Ward, M. E., 1999, The prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic blood vessels of patients attending for redo and first time coronary artery bypass graft surgery, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33:152–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yamamoto, Y. (2005). Chlamydia Detection in Blood. In: Friedman, H., Yamamoto, Y., Bendinelli, M. (eds) Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection and Disease. Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48741-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48741-1_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-48487-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48741-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics