Skip to main content

Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae as an Inducer of Asthma

  • Chapter
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection and Disease

Part of the book series: Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis ((IAPA))

  • 209 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Allegra, L., Blasi, F., Centanni, S., Cosentini, R., Denti, P., Raccanelli, R., Tarsia, P., and Valenti, V., 1994, Acute exacerbations of asthma in adults: Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, Eur. Respir. J. 7:2165–2168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Clementsen, P., Permin, H., and Norn, S., 2002, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and its role in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, J. Invest. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 12:73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lieberman, D., Lieberman, D., Printz, S., Ben-Yakov, M., Lazarovich, Z., Ohana, B., Friedman, M. C, Dvoskin, B., Leinonen, M., and Boldur, I., 2003, Atypical pathogen infection in adults with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167:406–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Johnston, S. L., Pattemore, P. K., Sanderson, G., Smith, S., Lampe, F., Josephs, L., Symington, P., O’Toole, S., Myint, S. H., Tyrrell, D. A. J., and Holgate, S. T., 1995, Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9–11 year old children, Br. Med. J. 310:1225–1228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Nicholson, K. G., Kent, J., and Ireland, D. C., 1993, Respiratory viruses and exacerbations of asthma in adults, Br. Med. J. 307:982–986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cook, P. J., Davies, P., Tunnicliffe, W., Ayres, J. G., Honeybourne, D., and Wise, R., 1998, Chlamydia pneumoniae and asthma, Thorax 53:254–259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. von Hertzen, L., Vasankari, T., Liippo, K., Wahlstrom, E., and Puolakkainen, M., 2002, Chlamydia pneumoniae and severity of asthma, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 34:22–27.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hahn, D. L., and McDonald, R., 1998, Can acute Chlamydia pneumoniae infection initiate chronic asthma? Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 81:339–344.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Vermeire, P. A., and Pride, N. B., 1991, A “splitting” look at chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD): Common features but diverse pathogenesis, Eur. Respir. J. 4:490–496.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sluiter, H. J., Koëter, G. H., de Monchy, J. G. R., Postma, D. S., de Vries, K., and Orie, N. G. M., 1991, The Dutch hypothesis (chronic non-specific lung disease) revisited, Eur. Respir. J. 4:479–489.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Yunginger, J. W., Reed, C. E., O’Connell, E. J., Melton, L.J., O’FaUon, W. M., and Silver-stein, M. D., 1992, A community-based study of the epidemiology of asthma: Incidence rates, 1964–1983, Am. Rev. Respir, Dis. 146:888–894.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Pearce, N., Pekkanen, J., and Beasley, R., 1999, How much asthma is really attributable to atopy? Thorax 54:268–272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pearce, N., Douwes, J., and Beasley, R., 2000, Is allergen exposure the major primary cause of asthma? Thorax 55:424–431.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Amin, K., Lúdvíksdóttir, D., Janson, C, Nettelbladt, O., Björnsson, E., Roomans, G. M., Boman, G., Sevéus, L., and Venge, P., 2000, Inflammation and structural changes in the airways of patients with atopic and nonatopic asthma, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162:2295–2301.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Douwes, J., Gibson, P., Pekkanen, J., and Pearce, N., 2002, Non-eosinophilic asthma: Importance and possible mechanisms, Thorax 57:643–648.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hahn, D. L., and Beasley, J. W., 1994, Diagnosed and possible undiagnosed asthma: A Wisconsin Research Network (WReN) study, J. Fam. Pract. 38:373–379.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hahn, D. L., and Golubjatnikov, R., 1992, Smoking is a potential confounder of the Chlamydia pneumoniae-coronary artery disease association, Arterioscler. Thromb. 12:945–947.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Karvonen, M., Tuomilehto, J., Pitkäniemi, J., Naukkarinen, A., and Saikku, P., 1994, Importance of smoking for Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity, Int. J. Epidemiol. 23:1315–1321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hahn, D. L., 2002, Evaluation and management of acute bronchitis, in: 20 Common Problems in Respiratory Disorders (W. J. Hueston, eds.), New York, McGraw-Hill, pp. 141–153.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hahn, D. L., 2002, Chlamydia pneumoniae and the “Dutch Hypothesis,” Chest 122:1510–1512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Brand, P. L., Kerstjens, H. A., Postma, D. S., Sterk, P.J., Quanjer, P. H., Sluiter, H. J., Dijkman, G. H., van Herwaarden, C. L., Hilvering, C, and Jansen, H. M., 1992, Long-term multicentre trial in chronic nonspecific lung disease: Methodology and baseline assessment in adult patients. Dutch CNSLD Study Group, Eur. Respir. J. 5:21–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Burrows, B., 1991, Epidemiologic evidence for different types of chronic airflow obstruction, Am. J. Respir. Dis. 143:1452–1455.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Orie, N. G. M., Sluiter, H.J., Vries, K. D., Tammeking, G. J., and Witkop, J., 1961, The host factor in bronchitis, in: Bronchitis: An International Symposium, 27–29April 1960, University of Gronigen, the Netherlands (N. G. M. Orie and H. J. Sluiter, eds.), Assen, Netherlands; Springfield, Illinois, Royal Vangorcum; Charles C. Thomas, pp. 44–59.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Weiss, K. B., Gergen, P. J., and Hodgson, T., 1992, An economic evaluation of asthma in the United States, New Engl. J. Med. 326:862–866.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Adams, P. F., and Benson, V., 1991, Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Health Statistics 10.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital and Health Statistics, Current Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1992 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics), 1994, DHHS Publication No. PHS 94-1517.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hahn, D. L., 1995, Infectious asthma: A reemerging clinical entity? J. Fam. Pract. 41:153–157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. ten Brinke, A., van Dissel, J. T., Sterk, P.J., Zwinderman, A. H., Rabe, K. R, and Bel, E. H., 2001, Persistent airflow limitation in adult-onset nonatopic asthma is associated with serologic evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, 107:449–454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bach, P. B., Brown, C., Gelfand, S. E., and McCrory, D. C, 2001, Management of acute exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A summary and appraisal of the published evidence, Ann. Intern. Med. 134:600–620.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sin, D. D., Stafinski, T., Ng, Y. C., Bell, N. R., and Jacobs, P., 2002, The impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on work loss in the United States, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165:704–707.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Cookson, J. B., 1987, Prevalence rates of asthma in developing countries and their comparison with those of Europe and North America, Chest 91:97S–103S.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Burrows, B., 1987, The natural history of asthma, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 80:375S–377S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Stempel, D. A., Hedblom, E. C., Durcanin-Robbins, J. F., and Sturm, L. L., 1996, Use of a pharmacy and medical claims database to document cost centers for 1993 annual asthma expenditures, Arch. Fam. Med. 5:36–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Juel, K., and Pederson, P. A., 1992, Increasing asthma mortality in Denmark 1969–88 not a result of a changed coding practice, Ann. Allergy 68:180–182.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Dompeling, E., VanSchayck, C.P., VanGrunsven, P.M., VanHerwaarden, C.L.A., Akkermans, R., Molema, J., Folgering, H., and Van Weel, C., 1993, Slowing the deterioration of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease observed during bronchodilator therapy by adding inhaled corticosteroids, Ann. Intern. Med. 118:770–778.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Burrows, B., Martinez, F., Halonen, M., Barbee, R. A., and Cline, M. G., 1989, Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens, N. Engl. J. Med. 320:271–277.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. de Marco, R., Locatelli, F., Sunyer, J., and Burney, P., 2000, Differences in incidence of reported asthma related to age in men and women. A retrospective analysis of the data of the European Respiratory Health Survey, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162:68–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Toogood, J. H., Jennings, B., Baskerville, J., and Lefcoe, N. M., 1984, Personal observations on the use of inhaled corticosteroid drugs for chronic asthma, Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 65:321–338.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cline, M. G., Lebowitz, M. D., and Burrows, B., 1993, Determinants of the percent predicted FEV 1 in asthma, Am. J. Respir. Dis. 147(part 2 of 2 parts):A380.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Bronnimann, S., and Burrows, B., 1986, A prospective study of the natural history of asthma. Remission and relapse rates, Chest 90:480–484.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rönmark, E., Jönsson, E., and Lunbbäck, B., 1999, Remission of asthma in the middle aged and elderly: Report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden study, Thorax 54:611–613.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rijcken, B., Schouten, J. P., Rosner, B., and Weiss, S. T., 1991, Is it useful to distinguish between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in respiratory epidemiology? Am. J. Respir. Dis. 143:1456–1457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Frazier, E. A., Vollmer, W. M., Wilson, S. R., Hayward, A. D., and Buist, A. S., 1997, Characteristics of older asthmatics with moderate-severe disease, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155 (part 2 of 2 parts):A286.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Expert Panel Report. National Asthma Education Program: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Office of Prevention, Education, and Control. National Heart. Lung, and Blood Institute. National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland 20892. Publication No. 91-3042.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Expert Panel Report II, 1997, Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, p. 136.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Juniper, E. F., Kline, P. F., Vanzieleghem, M. A., Ramsdale, E. H., O’Byrne, P., and Hargreave, F. E., 1990, Effect of long-term treatment with an inhaled corticos-teroid (budesonide) on airway hyperresponsiveness and clinical asthma in nonsteroid-dependent asthmatics, Am. Rev. Respir, Dis. 142:832–836.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Vathenen, A. S., Knox, A. J., Wisniewski, A., and Tattersfield, A. E., 1991, Time course of change in bronchial reactivity with an inhaled corticosteroid in asthma, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143:1317–1321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Haahtela, T., Jarvinen, M., Kava, T., Kiviranta, K., Koskinen, S., Lehtonen, K., Nikander, K., Persson, T., Reinikainen, K., Selroos, O., Sovijärvi, A., Stenius-Aarniala, B., Svahn, T., Tammivaara, R., and Laitinen, L. A., 1991, Comparison of a ß-agoist, terbutaline, with an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, in newly detected asthma, N. Engl. J. Med. 325:388–392.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kerstjens, H. A. M., Brand, P. L. P., Hughes, M. D., Robinson, N. J., Postma, D. S., Sluiter, H. L., Bleecker, E. R., Dekhuijzen, P. N. R., DeJong, P. M., Mengelers, H. J. J., Overbeek, S. E., and Schoonbrood, D. F. M. E., 1992, A comparison of bronchodilator therapy with or without inhaled corticosteroid therapy for obstructive airways disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 327:1413–1419.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hahn, D. L., van Schayck, C. P., Dompeling, E., and Folgering, H., 1993, Effect of inhaled steroids on the course of asthma, Ann. Intern. Med. 119:1051–1052.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Aronson, N., Lefevre, F., and Piper, M., September 2001, Management of Chronic Asthma. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment Number 44. (Prepared by Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center under Contract No. 290-97-0015). Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, AHRQ Publication No. 01-E044.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hahn, D. L., Kerstjens, H. A. M., Brand, P. L.P., and Postma, D. S., 1993, Bronchodilator therapy with or without inhaled corticosteroid therapy for obstructive airways disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 328:1044–1045.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hahn, D. L., 1999, Chlamydia pneumoniae, asthma and COPD: What is the evidence? Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 83:271–292.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Emre, U., Roblin, P. M., Gelling, M., Dumornay, W., Rao, M., Hammerschlag, M. R., and Schachter, J., 1994, The association of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and reactive airway disease in children, Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 148:727–732.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Mills, G. D., Lindeman, J. A., Fawcett, J. P., Herbison, G. P., and Sears, M, 2000, Chlamydia pneumoniae serological status is not associated with asthma in children or young adults, Int. J. Epidemiol. 29:280–284.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C, and Ward, M. E., 1998, Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children, Eur. Respir. J. 11:345–349.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Johnston, S. L., 1997, Influence of viral and bacterial respiratory infections on exacerbations and symptom severity in childhood asthma, Pediatr. Pulmonol. 16:88–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hahn, D. L., Middleton, K. M., Campbell, L. A., and Wang, S.-P., 1999, Eradication of Chlamydia pneumoniae from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid associated with asthma improvement: Case report, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 84:115.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Martin, R.J., Kraft, M., Chu, H. W., Berns, E. A., and Cassell, G.H., 2001, A link between chronic asthma and chronic infection, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107:595–601.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hahn, D. L., and Golubjatnikov, R., 1994, Asthma and chlamydial infection: A case series, J. Fam. Pract. 38:589–595.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hahn, D. L., 1995, Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in adult asthma: A before-after trial, J. Fam. Pract. 41:345–351.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Black, P. N., Scicchitano, R., Jenkins, C. R., Blasi, E, Allegra, L., Wlodarczyk, J., and Cooper, B.C., 2000, Serological evidence of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae is related to the severity of asthma, Eur. Respir. J. 15:254–259.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Huittinen, T, Harju, T., Paldanius, M., Wahlstrom, E., Rytilä, P., Kinnula, V., Saikku, P., and Leinonen, M., 2000, Chlamydia, pneumoniae HSP60 antibodies in adults with stable asthma, in: Proceedings: Fourth Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, Helsinki, Finland, Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p. 185.

    Google Scholar 

  64. von Hertzen, L. C, 2002, Role of persistent infection in the control and severity of asthma: Focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae, Eur, Respir. J. 19:546–556.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Ramos, M., Arrieta, L., Samaniego, J., Garcia, A. R., Quitano, J. A., and Castañeda, A., 2000, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in asthma and coronary heart patients: Serology study, in: Proceedings: Fourth Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, Helsinki, Finland, Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p. 166.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Roblin, P. M., Witkin, S. S., Weiss, S. M., Gelling, M., and Hammerschlag, M. R., 2000, Immune response to Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with asthma: Role of heat shock proteins (HSPs), in: Proceedings: Fourth Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, Helsinki, Finland, Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p. 209.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Anwar, M., and Badawi, H., 2000, Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of childhood respiratory tract infection (RTI) and asthma, in: Proceedings: Fourth Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, Helsinki, Finland, Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p. 242.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Gomes J. P., Rocha, M. G., Barona, T., Carvalhas, M. E., Borrego, M.J., and Catry, M. A., 2000, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and acute exacerbations of asthma in children, in: Proceedings: Fourth Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, Helsinki, Finland, Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p. 262.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Esposito, S., Blasi, F., Arioso, C, Morelli, N., Forloni, M., Droghetti, R., and Allegra, L., 2000, Recurrent wheezing in children: Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae, in: Proceedings: Fourth Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, Helsinki, Finland, Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p. 281

    Google Scholar 

  70. Muller, C. E., Schmidt, S. M, Bruns, R., and Wierbitzky, S. K. W., 2000, Chlamydia pneumoniae and asthma? No eosinophil inflammation or atopy but lower vital capacity in chronic bronchitis and respiratory Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, in: Proceedings: Fourth Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, Helsinki, Finland, Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p. 282.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Petitjean, J., Vincent, F., Le Moël, G., Fradin, S., Vabret, A., Brun, J., and Freymuth, E, 2000, Chlamydia pneumoniae and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma in adults, in: Proceedings: Fourth Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, Helsinki, Finland, Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p. 285.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Sirmatel, F., Dikensoy, O., and Sirmatel, O., 2000, The association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with late onset asthma, in: Proceedings: Fourth Meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, Helsinki, Finland, Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p. 292.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Atis, S., Öztiirk, C, and Çalikoglu, M., 2000, Serology of Chlamydia pneumoniae in relation to asthma and atopy, Eur. Respir. J. 16(Suppl. 31):20S (Abstract P310).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Shi, Y., Zheng, W., and Xia, X., 2000, Clinical study of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in asthma patients, Eur. Respir. J. 16(Suppl. 31):20S (Abstract P311).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Kocabas, A., Avsar, M., and Koksal, F., 2000, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in adults with asthma, Eur. Respir. J. 16(Suppl. 31):20S (Abstract P313).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Weiss, S., Quist, J., Roblin, P., Sokolovskaya, N., Hammerschlag, M., and Schachter, J., 1995, The relationship between Chlamydia pneumoniae and bronchospasm in adults (Abstract K39), in: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), San Francisco, California, American Society for Microbiology, p. 294.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Larsen, F. O., Norn, S., Mordhorst, C. H., Skov, P. S., Milman, N., and Clementsen, P., 1998, Chlamydia pneumoniae and possible relationship to asthma. Serum immunoglobu-lins and histamine release in patients and controls, APMIS 106:928–934.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Routes, J. M, Nelson, H. S., Noda, J. A., and Simon, F. T, 2000, Lack of correlation between Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody titers and adult-onset asthma, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 105:391–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hahn, D. L., Peeling, R. W., Dillon, E., McDonald, R., and Saikku, P., 2000, Serologic markers for Chlamydia pneumoniae in asthma, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 84:227–233.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Gencay, M., Rüdiger, J. J., Tamm, M., Solér, M., Perruchoud, A. P., and Roth, M., 2001, Increased frequency of Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in patients with asthma, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 163:1097–1100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Falck, G., Gnarpe, J., Hansson, L.-O., Svärdsudd, K., and Gnarpe, H., 2002, Comparison of individuals with and without specific IgA antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Respiratory morbidity and the metabolic syndrome, Chest 122:1587–1593.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Wark, P. A. B., Johnston, S. L., Simpson, J. L., Hensley, M. J., and Gibson, P. G., 2002, Chlamydia pneumoniae immunoglobulin A reactivation and airway inflammationin acute asthma, Eur. Respir. J. 20:834–840.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Huittinen T., Hahn, D., Wahlstrom, E., Saikku, P., and Leinonen, M., 2001, Host immune response to Chlamydia pneumoniae heat shock protein 60 is associated with asthma, Eur. Respir. J. 17:1078–1082.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Brunham, R.C., Maclean, I. W., Binns, B., and Peeling, R. W., 1985, Chlamydiatrachomatis: Its role in tubal infertility, J. Infect. Dis. 152:1275–1282.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Peeling, R. W., Kimani, J., Plummer, F., Maclean, I., Cheang, M., Bwayo, J., and Brunham, R. C, 1997, Antibody to chlamydial Hsp60 predicts an increased risk for chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease, J. Infect. Dis. 175:1153–1158.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Peeling, R. W., Bailey, R. L., Conway, D. J., Holland, M. J., Campbell, A. E., Jallow, O., Whittle, H. C, and Mabey, D. C. W., 1998, Antibody response to the 60-kDa chlamydial heat-shock protein is associated with scarring trachoma, J. Infect. Dis. 177:256–259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Cosentini, R., Blasi, E, Tarsia, P., Capone, P., Papetti, M. C, Canetta, C, Graziadei, G., and Allegra, L., September 14–18, 2002, Chlamydia pneumoniae and severe asthma exacerbations, in: 12th European Respiratory Society Annual Congress, Stokholm, Sweden, Abstract 1454.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Blasi, E, Damato, S., Cosentini, R., Tarsia, P., Raccaneili, R., Centanni, S., and Allegra, L., 2002, Chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic bronchitis: Association with severity and bacterial clearance following treatment, Thorax 57:672–676.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Schmidt, S. M., Müller, C. E., Brans, R., and Wiersbitzky, S. K. W., 2001, Bronchial Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, markers of allergic inflammation and lung function in children, Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 12:257–265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kaplan, M. A., and Goldin, M., 1959, The use of triacetyloleandomycin in chronic infectious asthma, in: Antibiiotic Annual 1958–1959 (H. Welch and F. Marti-lbauez, eds.), New York, Interscience Publishers, pp. 273–276.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Selenke, W., Longo, G., Glode, J., and Townley, R., 1969, Glucocorticoid sparing effects of certain macrolide antibiotics, J. Allergy 43:156–157.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Ong, K. S., Grieco, M. H., and Rosner, W., 1978, Enhancement by oleandomycin of the inhibitory effect of methylprednisolone on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 62:115–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Szefler, S. J., Rose, J. Q., Ellis, E. F., Spector, S. L., Green, A. W., and Jusko, W. J., 1980, Effect of troleandomycin on methylprednisolone disposition, J. Allergy Clin. Immun. 65:181.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Weinberger, M., Hudgel, D., Spector, S., and Chidsey, C, 1977, Inhibition of theophylline clearance by troleandomycin, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 59:228–231.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Miyachi, Y., Yoshioka, A., Imamura, S., and Niwa, Y., 1986, Effect of antibiotics on the generation of reactive oxygen species, J. Invest. Dermatol. 86:449–453.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Næss, A. and Solberg, C. O., 1988, Effects of two macrolide antibiotics on human leukocyte membrane receptors and functions, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. 96:503–508.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Anon, 1991, Antibiotics as biological response modifiers, Lancet 337:400–402.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Suzuki, T., Yamaya, M., SeKizawa, K., Hosoda, M., Yamada, N., Ishizuka, S., Yoshino, A., Yasuda, H., Takahashi, H., Nishimura, H., and Sasaki, H., 2002, Erythromycin inhibits rhinovirus infection in cultured human tracheal epithelial cells, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165:1113–1118.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Fox, J. L., 1961, Infectious asthma treated with triacetyloleandomycin, Penn. Med. J. 64:634–635.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Miyatake, H., Taki, F., Taniguchi, H., Suzuki, R., Takagi, K., and Satake, T., 1991, Erythromycin reduces the severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma, Chest 99:670–673.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. German, D., Serwonska, M., and Strub, M., 1992, Response of asthmatics to withdrawal from macrolide antibiotic (Ma)-Medrol (Me) therapy, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 89:Ab-stracts 341.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Black, P. N., Blasi, F., Jenkins, C. R., Scicchitano, R., Mills, G. D., Rubinfeld, A. R., Ruffin, R. E., Mullins, P. R., Dangain, J., Cooper, B. C, Bem David, D., and Allegra, L., 2001, Trial of roxithromycin in subjects with asthma and serological evidence of infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164:536–541.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Johnston, S. L., 2001, Is Chlamydia pneumoniae important in asthma? The first controlled trial of therapy leaves the question unanswered, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164:513–514.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Jaffe, A., and Bush, A., 2001, Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides in lung disease, Pediatr. Pulmonol. 31:464–473.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Yanagihara, K., Kadoto, J., and Kohno, S., 2001, Diffuse panbronchiolitis—pathophysiology and treatment mechanisms, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 18(Suppl. 1):83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Miyashita, N., Matsumoto, A., Kubota, Y., Nakajima, M., Niki, Y., and Matsushima, T., 1996, Continuous isolation and characterization of Chlamydia pneumoniae from a patient with diffuse panbronchiolitis, Microbiol. Immunol. 40:547–552.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Miyashita, N., Niki, Y., Nakajima, M., Kawane, H., and Matsushima, T., 1998, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis and COPD, Chest 114:969–971.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Wolter, J., Seeney, S., Bell, S., Bowler, S., Masel, P., and McCormack, J., 2002, Effect of long term treatment with azithromycin on disease parameters in cystic fibrosis: A randomized trial, Thorax 57:212–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Emre, U., Bernius, M., Roblin, P., Gaerlan, P. F., Summersgill, J. T., Steiner, P., Schacter, J., and Hammerschlag, M., 1996, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with cystic fibrosis, Clin. Infect. Dis. 22:819–823.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Garey, K. W., Rubinstein, I., Gotfried, M. H., Khan, I. J., Varma, S., and Danziger, L. H., 2000, Long-term clarithromycin decreases prednisone requirements in elderly patients with prednisone-dependent asthma, Chest 118:1826–1827.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Kroegel, C, Rödel, J., Mock, B., Garey, K.J., and Rubinstein, I., 2001, Chlamydia pneumoniae, clarithromycin, and severe asthma, Chest 120:1035–1036.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Hahn, D., Bukstein, D., Luskin, A., and Zeitz, H., 1998, Evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in steroid-dependent asthma, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 80:45–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Esposito, S., Blasi, E, Arioso, C, Fioravanti, L., Fagetti, L., Droghetti, R., Tarsia, P., Allegra, L., and Principi, N., 2000, Importance of acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in children with wheezing, Eur. Respir. J. 16:1142–1146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Kraft, M., Cassell, G. H., Pak, J., and Martin, R. J., 2002, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in asthma, Chest 121:1782–1788.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Hahn, D. L., 1996, Intracellular pathogens and their role in asthma: Chlamydia pneumoniae in adult patients, Eur. Respir. Rev. 6:224–230.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Kraft, M., Hamid, Q., Cassell, G. H., Gaydos, C. A., Duffy, L. B., Rex, M. D., Pak, J., and Martin, R. J., 2001, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia cause increased airway inflammation that is responsive to clarithomycin, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 163(part 2 of 2 parts):A551.

    Google Scholar 

  117. von Hertzen, L., Töyrylä, M., Gimishanov, A., Bloigu, A., Leinonen, M., Saikku, P., and Haahtela, T., 1999, Asthma, atopy and Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in adults, Clin. Exp. Allergy 29:522–528.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Williamson, H. A., and Schultz, P., 1987, An association between acute bronchitis and asthma, J. Fam. Pract. 24:35–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Williamson, H. A., 1987, Pulmonary function tests in acute bronchitis: Evidence for reversible airway obstruction, J. Fam. Pract. 25:251–256.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Burrows, B., Knudson, R. J., and Leibowitz, M., 1977, The relationship of childhood respiratory illness to adult obstructive airway disease, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 115:751–760.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Sherman, C. B., Tosteson, T. D., Tager, I. B., Speizer, F. E., and Weiss, S. T., 1990, Early childhood predictors of asthma, Am. J. Epidemiol. 132:83–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Jónsson, J. S., Gíslason, T, Gíslason, D., and Sigurdsson, J. A., 1998, Acute bronchitis and clinical outcome three years later: Prospective cohort study, Br. Med. J. 317:1433.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Infante-Rivard, C, 1993, Childhood asthma and indoor environmental factors, Am. J. Epidemiol. 137:834–844.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Dodge, R. R., Burrows, B., Lebowitz, M. D., and Cline, M. G., 1993, Antecedent features of children in whom asthma develops during the second decade of life, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 92:744–749.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Smith, J. M., and Knowler, L. A., 1965, Epidemiology of asthma and allergic rhinitis. I. In a rural area. II. In a university-centered community, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 92:16–38.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Smith, J. M., 1994, Asthma and atopy as diseases of unknown cause. A viral hypothesis possibly explaining the epidemiologic association of the atopic diseases and various forms of asthma, Ann. Allergy 72:156–162.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Frydén, A., Kihlström, E., Mailer, R., Persson, K., Romanus, V., and Ansehn, S., 1989, A clinical and epidemiological study of “ornithosis” caused by Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pneumoniae (strain TWAR), Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 21:681–691.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Hahn, D. L., Dodge, R., and Golubjatnikov, R., 1991, Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae (strain TWAR) infection with wheezing, asthmatic bronchitis and adult-onset asthma, JAMA 266:225–230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Thom, D. H., Grayston, J. T., Campbell, L. A., Kuo, C.-C., Diwan, V. K., and Wang, S.-P., 1994, Respiratory infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in middle-aged and older adult outpatients, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13:785–792.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Lewis, S., 1998, ISAAC-a hypothesis generator for asthma? Lancet 351:1220–1221.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Strachan, D. P., 1995, Time trends in asthma and allergy: Ten questions, fewer answers, Clin. Exp. Allergy 25:791–794.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Bone, R. C, 1991, Chlamydial pneumonia and asthma: A potentially important relationship, JAMA 266:265.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Puolakkainen, M., Ukkonen, P., and Saikku, P., 1989, The seroepidemiology of Chlamydiae in Finland over the period 1971 to 1987, Epidemiol. Infect. 102:287–295.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Klaukka, T, Peura, S., and Martikainen, J., 1991, Why has the utilization of antiasthmatics increased in Finland? J. Clin. Epidemiol. 44:859–863.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Kraft, M., Cassell, G. H., Henson, J. E., Watson, H., Williamson, X, Marmion, B. P., Gaydos, C. A., and Martin, R.J., 1998, Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158:998–1001.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. von Hertzen, L., 1998, Chlamydia pneumoniae and its role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Ann. Med. 30:27–37.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Hahn, D., Campbell, L. A., and Kuo, C.-C., 2000, Failure of four and six weeks of treatment to eradicate evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae from human lung and vascular tissue: Pathology case reports, in: Proceedings: Fourth Meeting of the European Society far Chlamydia Research, Helsinki, Finland, Esculapio, Bologna, Italy, p. 395.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Wu, L., Skinner, S. J. M., Lambie, N., Vuletic, J. C, Blasi, E, and Black, P. N., 2000, Immunohistochemical staining for Chlamydia pneumoniae is increased in lung tissue from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162:1148–1151.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Theegarten, D., Mogilevski, G., Anhenn, O., Stamatis, G., Jaeschock, R., and Morgenroth, K., 2000, The role of chlamydia in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence reveal corresponding findings as in atherosclerosis, Virchows Arch. 437:190–193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Suzuki, T., Yanai, M., Yamaya, M., Satoh-Nakagawa, T., Sekizawa, K., Ishida, S., and Sasaki, H., 2001, Erythromycin and common cold in COPD, Chest 120:730–733.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Leinonen, M., 1993, Pathogenetic mechanisms and epidemiology of Chlamydia pneumoniae, Eur. Heart J. 14(Suppl. K):56–71.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Redecke, V., Dalhoff, K., Bohnet, S., Braun, J., and Maass, M., 1998, Interaction of Chlamydia pneumoniae and human alveolar macrophages: Infection and inflammatory response, Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 19:721–727.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Jahn, H.-U., Krüll, M., Wuppermann, F. N., Klucken, A. C, Rosseau, S., Seybold, J., Hegemann, J. H., Jantos, C. A., and Suttorp, N., 2000, Infection and activation of airway epithelial cells by Chlamydia pneumoniae, J. Infect. Dis. 182:1678–1687.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Rödel, J., Woytas, M., Groh, A., Schmidt, K-H., Hartmann, M., Lehmann, M., and Straube, E., 2000, Production of basic fibroblast growth factor and interleukin 6 by human smooth muscle cells following infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae, Infect. Immun. 68:3635–3641.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Rödel, J., Assefa, S., Prochnau, D., Woytas, M., Hartmann, M., Groh, A., and Straube, E., 2001, Interferon-γ production by Chlamydia pneumoniae in human smooth muscle cells, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 32:9–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Kol, A., Sukhova, G. K., Lichtman, A. H., and Libby, P., 1998, Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 localizes in human atheroma and regulates macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase expression, Circulation 98:300–307.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Vehmaan-Kreula, P., Puolakkainen, M., Sarvas, M., Welgus, H. G., and Kovanan, P. T., 2001, Chlamydia pneumoniae proteins induce secreuon of the 92-kDa gelatinase by human monocyte-derived macrophages, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21:e1–e8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Redington, A. E., Roche, W. R., Madden, J., Frew, A. X, Djukanovic, R., Holgate, S. T., and Howarth, P. H., 2001, Basic fibroblast growth factor in asthma: Measurement in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid basally and following allergen challenge, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107:384–387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Grayston, J. T., 1992, Infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR, Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:757–763.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Grayston, J. T., Aldous, M., Easton, A., Wang, S.-P., Kuo, C.-C, Campbell, L. A., Altaian, J., 1993, Evidence that Chlamydia pneumoniae causes pneumonia and bronchitis, J. Infect. Dis. 168:1231–1235.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Hahn, D. L., 1994, Acute asthmatic bronchitis: A new twist to an old problem, J. Fam. Pract. 39:431–435.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Falck, G., Heyman, L., Gnarpe, J., and Gnarpe, H., 1995, Chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic pharyngitis, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 27:179–182.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Falck, G., Engstrand, I., Gad, A., Gnarpe, J., Gnarpe, H., and Laurila, A., 1997, Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with chronic pharyngitis, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 29:585–589.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Falck, G., Heyman, L., Gnarpe, J., and Gnarpe, H., 1994, Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR): A common agent in acute bronchitis, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 26:179–187.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Hahn, D. L., Azenabor, A. A., Beatty, W. L., and Byrne, G. I., 2002, Chlamydia pneumoniae as a respiratory pathogen, Front. Biosci. 7:E66–E76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hahn, D.L. (2005). Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae as an Inducer of Asthma. In: Friedman, H., Yamamoto, Y., Bendinelli, M. (eds) Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection and Disease. Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48741-1_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48741-1_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-48487-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48741-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics