Abstract
The present paper examines the concept of state variables for composite materials, and advances the premise that for irreversible processes in composite materials, the state variables are uniquely defined only for specific damage and failure modes, and that the popular “internal variables” typically used in the context of free energy concepts for the creation of constitutive equations can be replaced by a measurable engineering failure function. The paper will begin with a general discussion of the thermodynamic foundations that support the constructs of damage mechanics and continue with an outline of the manner in which strength can be cast as a state variable. Implications of the specific forms that result for evolution equations and rate processes will be discussed. Specific consequences for the case of temperature dependent material properties will be defined and compared to experimental data. The focus of the paper will be observables, i.e., physical quantities that are clearly defined and measurable.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Tawab, K., and Weitsman, Y.J. (1997) “A Strain-Based Formulation for the Coupled Viscoelastic/Damage Behavior,” Contractors report MAES97-3.0-CM, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, July.
Coleman, B.D. and Gurtin, M. (1967) “Thermodynamics with Internal Variables,” J. Chem. Phys., 47, 597–613.
Reifsnider, K.L. and Stinchcomb, W.W. (1986) “A Critical Element Model of the Residual Strength and Life of Fatigue-loaded Composite Coupons,” Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, ASTM STP 907, H.T. Hahn, Ed., Philadelphia, PA: American Soc. for Testing and Materials, 298–313.
Reifsnider, K.L. (1991) Editor, Fatigue of Composite Materials, London: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Reifsnider, K.L. (1992) “Use of Mechanistic Life Prediction Methods for the Design of Damage Tolerant Composite Material Systems,” ASTM STP 1157, M.R. Mitchell & O. Buck Eds., Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 205–223.
Reifsnider, K.L. (1995) “Evolution Concepts for Microstructure-Property Interactions in Composite Systems,” Proc. IUTAM Symp. On Microstructure-Property Interactions in Composite Materials, Aalborg, Denmark, R. Pyrz, Ed., New York, NY: Kluwer, 327–348.
Reifsnider, K.L. (1996) “A Micro-Kinetic Approach to Durability Analysis: The Critical Element Method,” Progress in Durability of Composite Systems, A.H. Cardon, K.L. Reifsnider, & H. Fukuda, Eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, 3–11.
Reifsnider, K.L. (1996) “Recent Advances in Composite Damage Mechanics,” Proc. Conf. On Materials and Mechanical Testing, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 27–29 March 1996, SP-386, European Space Agency, 483–490.
Reifsnider, K.L. (1997) “Durability and Damage Tolerance: Testing, Simulation, and Other Virtual Realities,” in Composite Materials: Testing and Design, Thirteenth Volume, ASTM STP 1242, S.J. Hooper, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, 45–59.
Kachonov, L.M. (1986) “Introduction to Continuum Damage Mechanics,” Martinus Nijhoff Pub., Boston.
Reifsnider, K.L. and Pastor, M. (in press), “Relatioinship of Continuum Damage Mechanics to Strength and Performance Evolution,” Proc. Recent Advances in Continuum Damage Mechanics for Composites, 20–22 September, 2000, LMT-Cachan, France.
Mahieux, C.A. and Reifsnider, K.L. (2001) “Property Modeling across Transition Temperatures in Polymers; A Robust Stiffness-Temperature Model,” Polymer, Vol. 42, 3281–3291.
Mahieux, C.A., Reifsnider, K.L, and Case, S.W. (2001) “Property Modeling across Transition Temperatures in PMC’s”, Applied Composite Materials, Vol. 8, Part 1. Tensile Properties, pp. 217–234; Part II. Stress Rupture in End-Loaded Bending, pp. 235–248; Part III. Bending Fatigue, 249–261.
Gao, Z. and Reifsnider, K.L. (1993) “Micromechanics of Tensile Strength in Composite Systems,” Proc. Fourth Symp. on Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, Indianapolis, IN: ASTM 1156, W.W. Stinchcomb and N.E. Ashbaugh, Eds., Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 453–470.
Reifsnider, K.L. and Gao, Z. (1991) “Micromechanical Concepts for the Estimation of Property Evolution and Remaining Life,” Proc. Intl. Conf. on Spacecraft Structures and Mechanical Testing, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 24–26 April 1991: ESA SP-321, Oct. 1991, 653–657.
Xu, Y.L. and Reifsnider, K.L. (1993) “Micromechanical Modeling of Composite Compression Strength,” Journal of Composite Materials, 27 (6), 572–588.
Subramanian, S., Reifsnider, K.L. and Stinchcomb, W.W. (1995) “Tensile Strength of Unidirectional Composites: The Role of Efficiency and Strength of Fiber-Matrix Interface,” Journal of Composites Technology and Research, JCTRER, 17 (4) (October), 289–300.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reifsnider, K., Pastor, M. (2002). Measured Response: State Variables for Composite Materials. In: Gdoutos, E.E. (eds) Recent Advances in Experimental Mechanics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48410-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48410-2_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0683-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48410-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive