Skip to main content
  • 329 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Further Reading

  1. Posch M., de Smet P. A. M., Hettelingh J.-P. and Downing R. J., 1999. Calculation and Mapping of Critical Thresholds in Europe, Status Report 1999. CCE/RIVM, Bilhoven, the Netherlands, 166 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  2. De Vries W. and Bakker D. J., 1998. Manual for calculating critical loads of heavy metals for terrestrial ecosystems. DLO Winand Staring Centre, Report 166, The Netherlands, 144 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  3. De Vries W., Bakker D. J. and Sverdrup H. U., 1998. Manual for calculating critical loads of heavy metals for aquatic ecosystems. DLO Winand Staring Centre, Report 165, The Netherlands, 91 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bashkin V. and Park S.-U. (Eds.), (1998) Acid Deposition and Ecosystem Sensitivity in East Asia, Nova Science Publisher, 427 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sverdrup H. and de Vries W., 1994. Critical loads of acidity to Swedish forest soils. Report 5:1995, Lund University, Sweden, 104 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bashkin V. and Howarth R., 2002. Modern Biogeochemistry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Chapter 10.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2003). Critical Loads. In: Environmental Chemistry: Asian Lessons. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48020-4_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48020-4_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1004-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48020-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics