Abstract
This paper summarizes the research carried out between 1977 and 1999 in the German Wool Research Institute (Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut, DWI) and in collaboration with other laboratories. Chemical synthesis and chemo-enzymatic semisynthesis yielded a large number of insulin analogues and special insulin probes, which allowed detailed structure-function studies and investigations based on photoaffinity labelling of insulin receptors. The outlook refers to some recent areas which are of potential interest for diabetes treatment and require further research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albisser A.M. “Treatment of Diabetes Using Phosphorylated Insulin.” US Patent 5242900 (1993).
Bota J. „Untersuchungen zum Faltungsweg monochenarer Insulinderivate.“ Thesis, RWTH Aachen (1999).
Brandenburg D. and Wollmer A. (Eds.) “Insulin, Chemistry, Structure and Function of Insulin and Related Hormones.” Ed., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, (1980).
Brandenburg D. “Insulin-structure, function, design.” Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 107, Suppl. 2 (1999): 6–12.
Berndt, H. „Synthese der Sequenz 71–86 des Humanproinsulins, III. Synthese über die Fragmente 71–78 und 79–86.“ Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 360 (1979): 765–772
Bota J. „Untersuchungen zum Faltungsweg monochenarer Insulinderivate.“ Thesis, RWTH Aachen (1999).
Brandenburg D. “Insulin-Structure, Function, Design.” Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 107, Suppl. 2 (1999): 6–12.
Brandenburg D. and Wollmer A. (Eds.) “Insulin, Chemistry, Structure and Function of Insulin and Related Hormones.” Ed., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, (1980).
Brandenburg D., Fabry M., Pirrwitz J., Strack U., Thevis W., Wittkamp A., Schaefer E., Ellis L., Keana J.E. and Cai S.X.. “Novel Derivatives for Analyzing the Interaction between Insulin and its Receptor.” In: Peptides 1992 (Schneider C.H. and Eberle, A.N. eds.) Escom Science Publishers B.V., Leiden, (1993): pp 111–112.
Brandenburg, D., Diaconescu, C., Saunders, D. and Thamm, P. “Covalent Linking of Photoreactive Insulin to Adipocytes Produces a Prolonged Signal.” Nature 286 (1980a): 821–822.
Brandenburg, D., Lei, K., Wang, Z., Dong, B., Binggen, R. and Zhu, S.: “Preparations and Properties of Crystalline Porcine and Bovine (Trp) B1 Insulins.” Scientia Sinica 23, 1443–1452 (1980b).
Büllesbach E.E. “Semisynthesis of a Shortened Open-Chain Proinsulin.” Tetrahedron Letters 23 (1982): 1877–1880.
Büllesbach, E.E. and Naithani, V.K. „Semisynthesen, ausgehend von Proinsulin, II. Darstellung und Anwendung von Nσ 29, Nσ 59 -Bis(methylsulfonethoxy-carbonyl)-proinsulin.“ Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 361 (1980): 723–734.
Büllesbach, E.E., Danho, W., Helbig, H.-J. and Zahn, H. “Human Proinsulin, VIII. Studies on the S-Tritylation of Reduced Proinsulin, Insulin A and B Chains and their Detritylation.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z.Physiol.Chem. 361 (1980): 865–873.
Casaretto M., Spoden M., Diaconescu C., Gattner H.-G., Zahn H., Brandenburg D. and Wollmer A. “Shortened Insulins with Enhanced in vitro Potency.” Biol Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 368 (1987): 709–716.
Casaretto R. „Merrifieldsynthese von [A1a12]-und [Ile12]Insulin-B-Ketten und Kombination mit natürlicher A-Kette.“ Thesis, RWTH Aachen (1986).
Chu, S.-C., Wang, C.-C and Brandenburg, D. “Preparation and Properties of Des-pentapeptide(B26-30)-Insulin Analogues.” In Brunfeldt, K. (Ed.) Peptides 1980, Proceedings. of the Sixteenth European Peptide Symposium. The Danish Institute of Protein Chemistry, Copenhagen, 1981a, pp. 359–364.
Chu S., Wang, C. and Brandenburg D. “Intramolecular Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis: Trypsin-mediated Coupling of the Peptide Bond between B22-Arginine and B23-Glycine in a Split Crosslinked Insulin.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 362 (1981b): 647–654.
Cutfield S.M., Dodson G.G., Schwertner E. and Zahn H. “X-Ray Diffraction of Crystals of Half-Synthetic Sheep Insulin.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol Chem. 360 (1979): 783–785.
Danho, W. and Föhles, J. “Human Proinsulin, IV. Synthesis of a Protected Peptide Fragment Corresponding to the Sequence 1–23 of the Prohormone.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z.Physiol.Chem. 361 (1980): 839–847
Danho, W., Naithani, V.K., Sasaki, A.N., Föhles, J., Berndt, H., Büllesbach, E.E. and Zahn, H. “Human Proinsulin, VII. Synthesis of Two Protected Peptides Corresponding to the Sequences 1–45 and 46–86 of the Prohormone.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z.Physiol.Chem. 361 (1980a): 857–863.
Danho, W., Sasaki, A., Büllesbach, E., Föhles, J. and Gattner, H.-G. “[A19-Phenylalanine]Insulin: A New Synthetic Analogue.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 361 (1980b): 735–746.
Danho W., Sasaki A., Büllesbach E., Gattner H.-G. and Wollmer A. “[A14]-Phenylalanine] Insulin: A New Synthetic Analogue.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 361 (1980c): 747–754.
Diaconescu C., Saunders D., Gattner H.-G. and Brandenburg D. “[LeuB24]-and [LeuB25]Insulins are not Antagonists of Lipogenesis in Adipocytes.” Hoppe Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 363 (1982): 187–192.
Fabry M. “Synthesis and Characterization of Photoreactive Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Derivatives for Receptor Analysis.” Bioconjugate Chem. 10 (1999): 200–205.
Fabry M., Schaefer E., Ellis L., Kojro E., Fahrenholz F. and Brandenburg D. “Detection of a New Hormone Contact Site within the Insulin Receptor Ectodomain using a Novel Photoreactive Insulin.” J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992): 8950–8956.
Fabry, M. and Brandenburg, D. “Design and Synthesis of a Novel Biotinylated Photoreactive Insulin for Receptor Analysis.” Biochemistry Hoppe-Seyler 373 (1992a):143–150.
Fabry, M. and Brandenburg, D. “Analysis of the Human Placental Insulin Receptor.” Biochemistry Hoppe-Seyler 373 (1992b): 915–923.
Fischer W.H., Saunders D., Brandenburg D., Wollmer A. and Zahn H. “A Shortened Insulin with Full in vitro Potency.” Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 366 (1985): 521–525.
Fischer, W.H., Saunders, D., Brandenburg, D., Diaconescu, C., Wollmer, A., Dodson, G., De Meyts, P. and Zahn, H. “Structure-Function Relationships of Shortened (LeuB25) Insulins, Semisynthetic Analogues of a Mutant Human Insulin.” Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 367(1986): 999–1006
Friesen, H.-J., Naithani, V.K. and Gattner, H.-G. “Preparation and Application of N α -B1,N εl -B29-Bis(tert.-butyloxycarbonyl)insulin.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 359 (1978): 103–111.
Gattner H.-G., Danho W. und Naithani V.K. “Enzyme-catalyzed Semisynthesis with Insulin Derivatives.” In: Insulin, Chemistry, Structure and Function of Insulin and Related Hormones, Ed. (D. Brandenburg, A. Wollmer, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, (1980a): 117–123.
Gattner H.-G., Danho W., Behn C. and Zahn H.. “The Preparation of Two Mutant Forms of Human Insulin, Containing Leucine in Position B24 or 25, by Enzyme-Assisted Synthesis.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 361 (1980b): 1135–1138.
Gattner H.-G., Krail G., Danho W., Knorr R., Wieneke H.-J., Buellesbach E.E., Schartmann B., Brandenburg D. and Zahn H.. „Eine verbesserte Methode der Kombination von Insulinketten zur Darstellung von Insulinanalogen.“ Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 362 (1981): 1043–1049.
Gattner, H.-G. and Naithani, V.K. “C-Terminal Carboxyl Function (Thr-B3O) Mediated Cross-Linking and Immobilization of Insulin.” In Jung, G. and Bayer, E. (Eds.) Peptides. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 1989, pp. 262–264.
Gattner, H.-G. and Schmitt, E.W. “(A21-Asparaginimide) Insulin. Saponification of Insulin Hexamethyl Ester, I.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 358 (1977) 105–113.
Havenith C. „Neue kovalente Insulindimere: Semisynthese und biologische Eigenschaften.“ Thesis RWTH Aachen (1999).
Havenith C. and Brandenburg D. „Kovalent verbrückte Insulindimere.“ DOS (31.8.2000) DE 19908041 A1 (2000).
Höcker H., Brandenburg D., Lenz V. and Kleinjung J. „Phosphorylierte Insuline und deren Derivate, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung, ihre Verwendung und eine sie enthaltende Zubereitung.“ DOS DE 195 35 701 A1 (1997).
Jonczyk A. and Gattner H.-G. „Eine neue Semisynthese des Humaninsulins-Tryptisch-katalysierte Transpeptidierung von Schweineinsulin mit L-Threonin-tert-butylester.“ Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 362(1981): 1591–1598.
Jonczyk, A., Keefer, L.M., Naithani, V.K., Gattner, H.-G., De Meyts, P. and Zahn, H. “Preparation and Biological Properties of [LeuB24, LeuB25] Human Insulin.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 362 (1981)557–561.
Jones R.H., Shojaee-Moradi F., Sönksen P.H., Brandenburg D., Schüttler A. and Eckey H. “Hepatoselective Pharmaceutical Actives.” USP 6063761 (2000).
King G.L., Kahn C.R., Samuels B., Danho W., Büllesbach E.E. and Gattner, H.G. “Synthesis and Characterization of Molecular Hybrids of Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor I. The Role of the A-chain Extension Peptide.” Biol. Chem. 257 (1982): 10869–10873.
Klotz, G., Saunders, D.J. and Brandenburg, D. “The Biological Potency of Covalent Insulin-Receptor Complexes: Dependence on Site of Cross-linkage.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 365 (1984a) 493–498.
Klotz, G., Saunders, D. and Brandenburg, D. “Biological Potency of Covalently Linked Insulin-Receptor in Rat Adipocyte. Comparison with the Potency of Reversible Complexes.” Biochim. Biophys. Acta 803 (1984b) 78–84
Knorr R., Danho W., Büllesbach E.E., Gattner H.-G., Zahn H., King G.L. and Kahn C.R. “[B22-D Arginine]Insulin: Synthesis and Biological Properties.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 363 (1982): 1449–1460.
Knorr, R., Danho, W., Büllesbach, E.E., Gattner, H.G., Zahn, H., King, G.L. and Kahn, C.R. “[B17-D Leucine]Insulin and [B17-Norleucine]Insulin: Synthesis and Biological Properties.” Hoppe Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 364 (1983): 1615–1626.
Kurapkat G., Siedentop M., Gattner H.-G., Hagelstein M., Brandenburg D., Grötzinger J. and Wollmer A. “The Solution Structure of a Superpotent B-chain-shortened Single-replacement Insulin Analogue.” Protein Sci. 8 (1999): 499–508.
Kurapkat, G., De Wolf, E., Grötzinger, J. and Wollmer, A. “Inactive Conformation of an Insulin Despite its Wild-type Sequence.” Protein Sci 6. (1997): 580–587.
Lauter S. „Phosphorylierte Insulin-Hybride mit Affinität zu Plasmaproteinen.“ Thesis RWTH Aachen (1999).
Lenz V., Gattner H.-G., Seivert D., Wollmer A., Engels M. and Höcker H. “Semisynthetic Des-(B27-B30)-insulins with Modified B26-Tyrosine.” Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 372 (1991): 495–504.
Lenz V., Leithäuser M., Casaretto M., Gattner H.-G., Brandenburg D. and Höcker H. “An Enzymatic chemical Synthesis of Insulins with Non-proteinogenic Amino Acid Residues via Chain Condensation and Subsequent Disulfide Folding.” In: Peptides: Chemistry, Structure and Biology. Eds.: (P.T.P. Kaumaya, R.S. Hodges, Mayflower Scientific Ltd., (1996): 637–638.
Lenz V.J., Federwisch M., Gattner H.-G., Brandenburg D., Höcker H., Hassiepen U. and Wollmer A. “Structure and Rotational Dynamics of Fluorescently Labeled Insulin in Aqueous Solution and at the Amphiphile-Water Interface of Reversed Micelles.” Biochemistry 34 (1995): 6130–6141.
Lenz V.J., Gattner H.-G., Leithäuser M., Brandenburg D., Wollmer A. and Höcker H. “Proteolysis of a Fluorogenic Insulin Derivative and Native Insulin in Reversed Micelles Monitored by Fluorescence Emission, Reversed-phase High-performence Liquid Chromatography, and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis.” Anal. Biochem. 221 (1994): 85–93.
Leyer S., Gattner H.-G., Leithäuser M., Brandenburg D., Wollmer A. and Höcker H. “The Role of the C-terminus of the Insulin B-chain in Modulating Structural and Functional Properties of the Hormone.” Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 46 (1995): 397–407.
Mucke, P., Diaconescu, C., Klotz, G., Jorgensen, P., Saunders, D. and Brandenburg, D. “Recognition of Covalent Insulin-Receptor Complexes on Viable Adipocytes by Anti-insulin Antibodies.” Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 368 (1987) 85–92.
Naithani V.K. and Zahn H. “Synthesis of Proinsulin.” Peptide and Protein Reviews 3, Ed. (Milton T.W. Hearn, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel (1984).
Naithani, V.K. and Gattner, H.G. “Preparation and Properties of Citraconyl-insulins.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 363, 1443–1448 (1982)
Naithani, V.K. and Schwertner, E. “Human Proinsulin VI. Synthesis of Protected Segment 46–70 of Prohormone.” Hoppe Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 364(1983), 1603–1613
Naithani, V.K., Büllesbach, E.E. and Zahn, H. “Semisynthesis of a Des-(1-21)-Preproinsulin Derivative.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 360 (1979) 1363–1366.
Neffe J. „Struktur und Internalisierung des Insulinrezeptors“. Thesis, RWTH Aachen (1985).
Sasaki, N.A. “Synthesis of Human Proinsulin Sequence 71–86, II. Improved Synthesis of the Fragment.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z.Physiol.Chem. 360 (1979) 761–764.
Saunders D. and Freude K. “Cross-Linked [DalaA1]Insulins. Evidence for a Change in the Conformation of the Insulin Monomer at its Receptor.” Hoppe Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 363 (1982): 655–659.
Saunders D., Klotz G. and Brandenburg D. “Biological Activity of Covalently-linked Insulin-receptor Complexes in Rat Adipocytes. Effect of pH.” Biochim. Biophys. Acta 803 (1984): 85–89.
Saunders D.J. and Brandenburg D. “Iodinated A1-NY-(4-Azidophenylacetyl)-D-α,γ-diaminobutyric acid Insulin: Its Preparation and Properties.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 362 (1981): 1237–1245.
Saunders, D., Freude, K., Naithani, V.K., Brandenburg, D. and Stoev, S. “Semisyntheses of Insulin Analogues by Replacement of the Sequence A 1–4.” In Blaha, K. and Malon, P. (Eds.) Peptides 1982. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin-New York, 1983, pp. 371–374.
Schartmann, B., Gattner, H.-G., Danho, W. and Zahn, H. „Erhöhte Insulinausbeuten durch “Recycling” der nicht-kombinierten Ketten.“ Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 364 (1983), 179–186.
Schmitt, W.E. and Gattner, H.-G. „Verbesserte Darstellung von Des-alanylB30-insulin“ Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 359 (1978): 799–802.
Schumacher R., Soos M.A., Schlessinger J., Brandenburg D., Siddles K. and Ullrich A. “Signaling competent Receptor Chimeras Allow Mapping of Major Insulin Receptor Binding Domain.” J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993): 1087–1094.
Schüttler A. and Brandenburg, D. “Preparation and Properties of Covalently Linked Insulin Dimers.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 363 (1982): 317–330.
Schüttler A., Diaconescu C., Saunders D.J. and Brandenburg D. “Time-dependence of Biological Activity Induced by Covalent Insulin-receptor Complexes in Rat Adipocytes.” Biochem. J. 232 (1985): 49–53.
Schüttler, A. and Brandenburg, D. „Darstellung von N, N-Bis(methylsulfonyl-ethoxycarbonyl) insulinen.“ Hoppe-Seyler’s Z.Physiol.Chem. 360 (1979) 1721–1725.
Shojaee-Moradie F., Eckey H., Jackson N.C., Schüttler A., Brandenburg D., Sönksen P.H. and Jones R.H. “Novel Hepatoselective Insulin Analogues: Studies with Covalently Linked Thyroxylinsulin Complexes.” Diabet. Med. 15 (1998): 928–936.
Siedentop M. „Erhöhung der Segmentflexibilität im Rezeptorbindungsbereich B23-B26 des Insulins.” Thesis, RWTH Aachen (1997).
Sievert D. „Semisynthese und Struktur-Funktionsuntersuchung von Des-Tetrapeptid(B27-B30)-Insulinen mit Austausch von B26-Tyrosin.” Thesis, RWTH Aachen (1991).
Sievert D., Lenz V., Gattner H.-G., Brandenburg D., Höcker H. and Wollmer A. “Residue B26 Modulates Structural and Functional Properties of Des(B27-B30)-insulin.” In: Chemistry of Peptides and Proteins (D. Brandenburg, V. Ivanov, W. Voelter, eds.) Vol. 5/6 DWI Reports 112B Aachen (1993): pp 425–431.
Spoden M., Gattner H.-G., Zahn H. and Brandenburg D. “Structure-Function Relationship of Des-(B26-B30)-insulin.” Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 46 (1995): 221–227.
Stoev S., Zakhariev S., Golovinsky E., Gattner H.-G., Naithani V. K., Wollmer A. and Brandenburg D. “Synthesis and Properties of A19-(p-Fluorophenylalanine) Insulin.” Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 369 (1988): 1307–1315.
Sundermann E. „Heteromere Insulin-Hybride mit Affinität zu Plasmaproteinen.“ Thesis RWTH Aachen (1999).
Svoboda, I., Brandenburg, D., Barth, T., Gattner, H.-G., Jiracek, J., Velek, J., Blaha, I., Ubik., K., Kasicka., V., Pospisek., J. and Hrbas, P. “Semisynthetic Insulin Analogues Modified in Position B24, B25 and B29.” Biochemistry Hoppe-Seyler 375 (1994) 373–378
Thamm P., Saunders D. and Brandenburg D. “Photoreactive Insulin Derivatives: Preparation and Characterization.” In: Insulin, Chemistry, Structure and Function of Insulin and Related Hormones, Ed. (D. Brandenburg, A. Wollmer, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York (1980): 309–316.
Trindler, P. and Brandenburg, D. “Semisynthetic Modification of the N-terminus of the Insulin-A-chain.” In Chemistry of Peptides and Proteins 1, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin-New York, 1982, pp. 308–314.
Videnov G., Buettner K., Casaretto M., Foehles J., Gattner H.-G., Stoev S. and Brandenburg D. “Studies on the Total Synthesis of an A7,B7-Dicarba-Insulin, III. Assembly of Segments and Generation of Biological Activity.” Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 371 (1990): 1057–1066.
Weber J. „Synthese und Rückfaltungsstudien von verbrückten Insulinen mit Aminosäureaustausch in den Positionen A3 und B15.“ Thesis, RWTH Aachen (1998).
Wedekind F., Baer-Pontzen K., Bala-Mohan S., Choli D., Zahn H. and Brandenburg D. “Hormone Binding Site of the Insulin Receptor: Analysis Using Photoaffinity-mediated Avidin Complexing.” Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 370 (1989): 251–258.
Weiland M., Brandenburg C., Brandenburg D. and Joost H.G. “Antagonistic Effects of a Covalently Dimerized Insulin Derivative on Insulin Receptors in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 (1990): 1154–1158.
Weimann H.-J. „Partialsynthese von Insulinanalogen mit modifiziertem N-Terminus der B-Kette”. Thesis, RWTH Aachen (1977).
Weitzel G. „Insulinforschung im Deutschen Wollforschungsinstitut an der RWTH Aachen“. In: Festschrift zum 25jährigen Jubiläum. Zahn, H. and Ziegler, K. (Eds.) Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut Aachen, Aachen (1977): pp. 439–476.
Wieneke H.J., Danho W., Büllesbach E., Gattner H.G. and Zahn H. “The Synthesis of [A19-3-Iodotyrosine] and [A19-3,5-Diiodotyrosine] insulin (porcine).” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol Chem. 364 (1983): 537–550.
Wolf G., Berndt H. and Brandenburg D. „Synthese der [Lys A13] Rinderinsulin-A-Kette in der Form [Lys(Tfa)A13]A(SO3H)4 und Nα-Msc-[LysA13]A(SO3H)4 unter Verwendung des S-tert-Butylmercapto-Restes als Thiolschutz.” Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 360 (1979): 1569–1578.
Wollmer A., Gilge G., Brandenburg D. and Gattner H.-G. “An Insulin with the Native Sequence but Virtually no Activity.” Biochemistry Hoppe-Seyler 375 (1994): 219–222.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brandenburg, D. (2002). Insulin at the German Wool Research Institute-Retrospect and Outlook. In: Dieken, M.L., Federwisch, M., De Meyts, P. (eds) Insulin & Related Proteins - Structure to Function and Pharmacology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47582-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47582-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0655-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47582-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive