Abstract
The solar system is chemically and isotopically heterogeneous. The earth contains only 0.0003% of the mass of the solar system, but the abundance pattern of non-radiogenic isotopes for each terrestrial element has been defined as “normal”.
The outer planets consist mostly of light elements like H, He and C. The inner planets are rich in heavy elements like Fe and S. Isotopic irregularities are closely linked with these chemical differences in planets, as well as in the primary minerals of chondritic meteorites.
Chondrites are heterogeneous, agglomerate rocks from the asteroid belt that separates the two types of planets. They contain troilite (FeS) inclusions with isotopically “normal” Xe, like that found in the inner planets. Chondrites also contain diamond inclusions (C) with abundant He and “strange” Xe enriched in isotopes from the r- and p-processes. The Galileo probe found similar r-products in the Xe isotopes of Jupiter, a planet rich in He and C. The sun is a mixture of the chemically and isotopically distinct components found in its planetary system. Inter-linked chemical and isotopic irregularities, short-lived radioactivities and other Post-1957 observations are used here to evaluate the two most conflicting opinions on the origin of elements in the solar system.
The first of these is that the elements in the solar system originated via remote element synthesis (RES). The RES model is the modern version of the classic nebular model postulated by Kant and Laplace over 200 years ago for the origin of the solar system. It is a natural extension of the cosmological view of element synthesis. According to the nebular RES view, products of nuclear reactions collected from multiple stellar sources over vast regions of space and produced a well-mixed protosolar nebula having approximately the elemental composition of the sun’s photosphere and isotopic ratios of carbonaceous chondritic meteorites. The sun formed as a fully convective, homogeneous protostar. Elements in the planetary system were subsequently redistributed to produce the solar system’s current chemical gradients. This nebular RES model was modified in the late 1970s and early 1980s to try to explain the occurrence of isotopic anomalies and decay products of short-lived nuclides by the addition of very small amounts of exotic nucleogenetic material, which either had been injected from nearby stars or survived as interstellar grains that became embedded in meteorites.
An alternative explanation is that the elements in our solar system were produced by local element synthesis (LES). The LES model is the latest version of the classic catastrophic model postulated by Buffon over 250 years ago. This asserts that the entire solar system formed directly from poorly-mixed debris of a spinning star, concentric with the present sun, which exploded axially as a supernova (SN). The sun formed on the SN core and the chemical gradients in the planetary system were inherited from the parent SN. The outer planets formed mostly from the light elements in the outer SN layers. Iron meteorites and the cores of the terrestrial planets formed in a central, iron-rich region of the SN debris. These planet cores were subsequently overlaid as lighter material from other SN layers fell toward the condensing sun. Diffusion enriched lighter nuclei at the evolved suns’ surface making it appear to be composed of light elements such as H and He. Lyttleton, Hoyle, and Brown earlier suggested other versions of LES to explain the distribution of angular momentum in the solar system.
Reynolds’ mass spectrometer began generating empirical challenges to the nebular RES model soon after publication of the classical papers by Burbidge et al. (19S7) and Cameron (1957). Data from space probes and ion-probe mass spectrometers have made the RES model even less attractive. The catastrophic LES model now explains the maximum number of phenomena (chemical and isotopic irregularities, decay products of shortlived radioactivities, and observations on planets, the sun and other stars) with the minimum number of postulates, although this implies that elemental abundances for the sun are similar to those of the inner planets and that nuclear evolution is much more advanced for elements in the sun’s interior than for elements in the solar photosphere or in the Jovian planets. The most abundant elements for the bulk sun are the same ones concluded 80+ years ago from early analyses of meteorites (Harkins, 1917). They are: Fe, Ni, O, Si, S, Mg, and Ca. Others have reached somewhat similar conclusions about the sun from efforts to find a unique solution to the solar structure equations (Rouse, 1975), to explain the low flux of solar neutrinos (Hoyle, 1975), and to explain isotopic anomalies in meteorites (Lavrukhina, 1980; Lavrukhina and Kuznetsova, 1982).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander, E.C., Jr. and Manuel, O.K.: 1967, “Isotopic anomalies of krypton and xenon in Canyon Diablo graphite”, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 2, 220–224.
Allègre, C.J., Staudacher, T., Sarda, P. and Kurz, M.: 1983, “Constraints on evolution of Earth’s mantle from rare gas systematics”. Nature 303, 762–766.
Amari, S., Hoppe, P., Zinner, E. and Lewis, R.S.: 1992, Interstellar SiC with unusual isotopic compositions: Grains from a supernova?”, Ap. J. 394, L43–L46.
Amari, S., Hoppe, P., Zinner, E. and Lewis, R.S,: 1995, “Trace-element concentrations in single circumstellar silicon carbide grains from the Murchison meteorite”, Meteoritics 30, 679–693.
Anders, E.: 1964, “Origin, age, and composition of meteorites”, Space Science Reviews 3, 583–714.
Anders, E.: 1988, “Solar-system abundances of the elements”, in Origin andDistribution of the Elements, ed., Mathews, G.J., World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 349–353.
Anders, E. and Ebihara, M.: 1982, “Solar-system abundances of the elements”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 2363–2380.
Anders, E. and Grevesse, N.: 1989, “Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 197–214.
Anders, E. and Zinner, E.: 1993, “Interstellar grains in primitive meteorites: Diamond, silicon carbide, and graphite”, Meteoritics 28, 490–514.
Antia, H.M. and Chitre, S.M.: 1998, “Determination of temperature and chemical composition profiles in the solar interior from seismic models”, Astron. Astrophys. 339, 239–251.
Arnett, D.: 1996, Supernova and Nucleosynthesis: An Investigation of the History of Matter from the Big Bang to the Present, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 598 pp.
Bahcall, J.N. and Davis, R.: 1976, “Solar neutrinos: A scientific puzzle”, Science 191, 264–267.
Bahcall, J.N., Pinsonneault, M.H., and Wasserburg, G.J.: 1995, “Solar models with helium and heavy-element diffusion”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 67, 781–808.
Bahcall, J.N., Pinsonneault, M.H., Basu, S. and Christensen-Dalsgaard: 1997, “Are standard solar models reliable?”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 171–174.
Balachandran, S.C. and Bell, R.A.: 1998, “Shallow mixing in the solar photosphere inferred from revised beryllium abundances”, Nature 392, 791–793.
Ballad, R.V., Oliver, L.L., Downing, R.G. and Manuel, O.K.: 1979, “Isotopes of tellurium, xenon, and krypton in Allende meteorite retain record of nucleosynthesis”, Nature 277, 615–620.
Barnes, C.A., Clayton, D.D. and Schremm, D.N, eds.: 1982, Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 466 pp.
Basu, S.: 1997, “Seismology of the base of the solar convection zone”, Mont. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 288, 572–584.
Becker, V., Bennett, J.H. and Manuel, O.K.: 1968, “Iodine and uranium in ultrabasic rocks and carbonatites”, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 4, 357–362.
Begemann, F.: 1980, “Isotopic anomalies in meteorites”, Rep. Prog. Phys. 43, 1309–1356.
Begemann, F.: 1993, “Isotopic abundance anomalies and the early solar system” in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, ed., Prantos, N., Vangioni-Flam, E. and Cassé, M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 518–527.
Bennett, G.A. and Manuel, O.K.: 1970, “Xenon in natural gases”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34, 593–610.
Bernatowicz, T.J. and Walker, R.: 1997, “Ancient stardust in the laboratory”, Physics Today 50, 26–32.
Bernatowicz, T.J. and Zinner, E.: 1997, AIP Conference Proceeding 402: Astrophysical Implications of the Laboratory Study of Presolar Materials, American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, N.Y., 750 pp.
Bethe, H.: 1939, “Energy production in stars”, Phys. Rev. 55, 103.
Black, D.C.: 1972, “On the origins of trapped helium, neon and argon isotopic variations in meteorites-II. Carbonaceous meteorites”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 36, 377–394.
Bondi, H. and Gold, T.: 1948, “The steady-state theory of the expanding universe”, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 108, 252–270.
Boulos, M.S. and Manuel, O.K.: 1971, “The xenon record of extinct radioactivities in the earth”, Science 174, 1334–1336.
Broad, W.J.: 1978, “Statue on the mall to hail Einstein’s 100th”, Science 202, 951.
Brown, H.: 1949, “A table of relative abundances of nuclear species”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 21, 625–634.
Brown, W.K.: 1970, “A model for formation of solar systems from massive supernova fragments”, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA 4343, 28 pp.
Brown, W.K.: 1971, “A solar system formation model based on supernovae shell fragmentation”, Icarus 15, 120–134.
Brown, W.K.: 1987a, “High explosive simulations of supernovae and the supernovae shell fragmentation model of solar system formation”, Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-11005, 10 pp.
Brown, W.K.: 1987b, “Possible mass distributions in the nebulae of other solar systems”, Earth, Moon and Planets 37, 225–239.
Brown, W.K.: 1987c, “High explosive simulation of supernovae”, Pub. Astro. Soc. Pacific 99, 858–861.
Brown, W.K.: 1991, “The supernovae as a genesis site of solar systems”, Speculat. Sci. Tech. 15, 149–160.
Brown, W.K. and Gritzo, L.A.: 1986, “The supernovae fragmentation model of solar system formation”, Astrophys. Space Sci. 123, 161–181.
Burbidge, E.M., Burbidge, G.R., Fowler, W.A. and Hoyle, F.: 1957, “Synthesis of the elements in stars”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547–650.
Cameron, A.G.W.: 1957, “Nuclear reactions in stars and nucleogenesis”, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 69, 201–222. See also “Stellar evolution, nuclear astrophysics and nucleosynthesis”, Chalk River Report CRL-41, Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd.
Cameron, A.G.W.: 1968, “A new table of abundances of the elements in the solar system”, in Origin and Distribution of the Elements, ed., Ahrens, L.H., Pergamon Press, pp. 125–143.
Cameron, A.G.W.: 1973, “Abundances of the elements in the solar system”, Space Sci. Rev. 15, 121–146.
Cameron, A.G.W.: 1982, “Elemental and nuclidic abundances in the solar system”, in Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics, eds., Barnes, C.A., Clayton, D.D. and Schramm, D.N., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 23–43.
Cameron, A.G.W.: 1984, “Star formation and extinct radioactivities”, Icarus 60, 416–427.
Cameron, A.G.W.: 1995, “The first ten million years in the solar nebula”, Meteoritics 30, 133–161.
Cameron, A.G.W. and Truran, J.W.: 1977, “The supernova trigger for formation of the solar system”, Icarus 30, 447–461.
Canalas, R.A., Alexander, E.C., Jr. and Manuel, O.K.: 1968, “Terrestrial abundance of noble gases”, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 3331–3334.
Chapman, C.R.: 1998, “Solar-system-2 shades beyond Neptune”, Nature 392, 16–17.
Chaussidon, M. and Robert, F.: 1999, “Lithium nucleosynthesis in the sun inferred from the solar-wind 7Li/6Li ratio”, Nature 402, 270–273.
Chapman, S. and Cowling, T.G.: 1952, “An a account of the kinetic theory of viscosity, thermal conduction, and diffusion in gases”, in The Mathematical Theory of Nonuniform Gases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 255.
Chevalier, R.A.: 1992, “Supernova 1987A at five years of age”, Nature 355, 691–696.
Chevalier, R.A.: 1996, “Shocking supernova tales”, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 28, 1273.
Chevalier, R.A. and Kirshner, R.P.: 1979, “Abundance inhomogeneities in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant”, Ap. J. 233, 154–162.
Clayton, D.D.: 1968, Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL., 612 pp.
Clayton, D.D.: 1975a, “Extinct radioactivities: Trapped residuals of presolar grains”, Ap. J. 199, 765–769.
Clayton, D.D.: 1975b, “22Na, Ne-E, extinct radioactive anomalies and unsupported 40Ar”, Nature 257, 36–37.
Clayton, D.D.:1982, “Cosmic chemical memory: a new astronomy”, Q. Jl R. Astr. Soc. 23, 174–212.
Clayton, D.D.: 1989, “Origin of heavy xenon in meteoritic diamonds”, Ap. J. 340, 613–619.
Clayton, D.D. and Hoyle, F.: 1976, “Grains of anomalous isotopic composition from novae”, Ap. J. 203, 490–496.
Clayton, D.D., Newman, M.J. and Talbot, R.J., Jr.: 1975, “Solar models of low neutrino-counting rate: The central black hole”, Ap. J. 201, 489–493.
Clayton, R.N., Grossman, L. and Mayeda, T.K.: 1973, “A component of primitive nuclear composition in carbonaceous meteorites”, Science 182, 485–488.
Clayton, R.N., Onuma, N. and Mayeda, T.K.: 1976, “A classification of meteorites based on oxygen isotopes”, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 30, 10–18.
Dar, A. and Shaviv, G.: 1996, “Standard solar neutrinos”, Ap. J. 468, 933–946.
Dodd, R.T.: 1981, Meteorites: A petrologic-chemical synthesis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 368 pp.
Downing, R.G. and Manuel, O.K.: 1982, “Composition of the noble gases in Canyon Diablo”, Geochem. J. 16, 157–178.
Eberhardt, P., Geiss, J., Graf, H., Grögler, N., Mendia, M.D., Mörgeli, M., Schwaller, H., Stettler, A., Krähenbühl, U. and von Guten, H.R.: 1972, “Trapped solar wind noble gases in Apollo 12 lunar fines 12001 and Apollo 11 breccia 10046”, Proc. 3rd Lunar Sci. Conf. 2, 1821–1856.
Eucken, A.: 1944, „Physikalisch-chemische betrachtungen über die früheste Entwicklungs-geschichte der Erde“, Nachr. d. Akad. d. Wiss. in Göttingen, Math-Phys. 1, 1–25.
Eugster, O., Eberhardt, P. and Geiss, J.: 1967, “Krypton and xenon isotopic composition in three carbonaceous chondrites”, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 3, 249–257.
Fowler, W.A.: 1984, “The quest for the originof the elements”, Science 226, 922–935.
Frank, A.: 1997, “Blowing cosmic bubbles”, Astronomy 25, 36–43.
Goldschmidt, V.M.: 1938, Geochemische Verteilungsgestze der Elemente. IX. Die Mengenverhältnisse der Elemente und der Atom-Arten, Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad., Oslo I Math.-Naturv. Klasse. no. 4, 148 pp.
Goldschmidt, V.M.: 1958, Geochemistry, ed., Muir, A., Oxford University Press, London, UK, 730 pp.
Goswami, J.N., Sahijpal, S. and Chakrabarty, P., eds.: 1997, International Conference on Isotopes in the Solar System, Abstracts, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India., 218 pp.
Gradie, J. and Tedesco, E.: 1982, “Compositional structure of the asteroid belt”, Science 216, 1405–1407.
Grossman, L.: 1972, “Condensation in the primitive solar nebula”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 36, 597–619.
Grossman, L. and Larimer, J.W.: 1974, “Early chemical history of the solar system”, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 12, 71–101.
Halliday, A., Rehkämper, M., Lee, D.-C. and Yi, W.: 1996, “Early evolution of the Earth and Moon: new constraints from Hf-W isotope geochemistry”, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 142, 75–89.
Harkins, W.D.: 1917, “The evolution of the elements and the stability of complex atoms”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 39, 856–879.
Heidenreich, J.E. III and Thiemens, M.H.: 1985, “The non-mass-dependent oxygen isotope effect in electro-dissociation of carbon dioxide: A step toward understanding NoMaD chemistry”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 1303–1306.
Hennecke, E.W. and Manuel, O.K.: 1975, “Noble gases in an Hawaiian xenolith”, Nature 257, 778–779.
Heymann, D. and Dziczkaniec, M.: 1979, “Isotopic compositions of xenon from explosive carbon burning: A global look”, Proc. Lunar and Planet. Sci. Conf. X, 549–551.
Hou, W., Ouyang, Z.-Y., Xie, H.-S., Zhang, Y.-M., Xu, H.-G. and Zhou, Y.-L.: 1993, “The melting-differentiation of chondrite and the initial evolution of the earth”, Sci. China B36, 121–128.
Howard, W.M., Meyer, B.S. and Clayton, D.D.: 1992, “Heavy-element abundances from a neutron burst that produces Xe-H”, Meteoritics 27, 404–412.
Hoyle, F.: 1944, “On the origin of the solar system”, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 40, 256–258.
Hoyle, F.: 1945, “Note on the origin of the solar system”, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 105, 175–178.
Hoyle, F.: 1946a, “On the condensation of the planets”, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 106, 406–422.
Hoyle, F. 1946b, “The synthesis of the elements from hydrogen”, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 106, 343–383.
Hoyle, F.: 1948, “A new model for the expanding universe”, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 108, 372–382.
Hoyle, F.: 1975, “A solar model with low neutrino emission”, Ap. J. 197, L127–L131.
Hoyle, F.: 1982, “Two decates of collaboration with Willy Fowler” in Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics, eds., Barnes, C.A., Clayton, D.D. and Schramm, D.N., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 1–9.
Huang, S.-S.: 1957, “A nuclear-accretion theory of star formation”, Astron. Soc. Pacific 69, 427–430.
Humes, E.: 1999, Mean Justice, Simon and Schuster, Inc., New York, N.Y., 672 pp.
Huss, G.R. and Lewis, R.S.: 1995, “Presolar diamond, SiC and graphite in primitive chondrites: Abundances as a function of meteorite class and petrologic type”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 115–160.
Hwaung, G and Manuel, O.K.: 1982, “Terrestrial-type xenon in meteoritic troilite”, Nature 299, 807–810.
Kaiser, W.A.: 1972, “Rare gas studies in Luna 16-G-7 fines by stepwise heating technique”, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 13, 387–399.
Kerridge, J.F.: 1975, “Solar nitrogen: Evidence for a secular increase in the ratio of nitrogen-15 to nitrogen-14”, Science 188, 162–164.
Kerridge, J.F.: 1993, “Long term compositional variation in solar corpuscular radiation: Evidence from nitrogen isotopes in lunar regolith”, Rev. Geophys. 31, 423–437.
Kim, J.S., Kim, Y., Marti, K. and Kerridge, J.F.: 1995, “Nitrogen isotope abundances in the recent solar wind”, Nature 375, 383–385.
Krat, V.A.: 1952, Problems in Cosmology, vol. 1, Academy of Science, Moscow, USSR, p. 34.
Kuroda, P.K.: 1960, “Nuclear fission in the early history of the Earth”, Nature 187, 36–38.
Kuroda, P.K.: 1982, The Origin of the Chemical Elements and the Oklo Phenomenon, Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y., 165 pp.
Kuroda, P.K. and Myers, W.A.: 1996, “Iodine-129 and plutonium-244 in the early solar system”, Radiochim. Acta 77, 15–20.
Kuroda, P.K. and Myers, W.A.: 1997, “Aluminum-26 in the early solar system”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 211, 539–555.
Lavrukhina, A.K.: 1980, “On the nature of isotopic anomalies in meteorites”, Nukleonika 25, 1495–1515.
Lavrukhina, A.K. and Kuznetsova, R.I.: 1982, “Irradiation effects at the supernova stage in isotopic anomalies”, Lunar Planet. Sci. XIII, 425–426.
LeBlanc, J.M. and Wilson, J.R.: 1970, “A numerical example of the collapse of a rotating magnetized star”, Ap. J. 161, 541–551.
Lee, D.-C. and Halliday, A.N.: 1995, “Hafnium-tungsten chronometry and the timing of terrestrial core formation”, Nature 378, 771–774.
Lee, D.-C. and Halliday, A.N.: 1996, “Hf-W Isotopic evidence for rapid accretion and differentiation in the early Solar System”, Science 274, 1876–1879.
Lee, D.-C. and Halliday, A.N.: 1997, “Core formation on Mars and differentiated asteroids”, Nature 388, 854–857.
Lee, J.T., Li, B. and Manuel, O.K.: 1996a, “Terrestrial-type xenon in sulfides of the Allende meteorite”, Geochem. J. 30, 17–30.
Lee, J.T., Li, B. and Manuel, O.K.: 1996b, “Xenon isotope record of nucleosynthesis and the early solar system”, Chinese Sci. Bull. 41, 1778–1782.
Lee, J.T., Li, B. and Manuel, O.K.: 1997, “On the signature of local element synthesis”, Comments Astrophys. 18, 335–345.
Lee, J.T. and Manuel, O.K.: 1996, “On the isotopic composition of primordial xenon in meteoritic troilite and the origin of the chemical elements”, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXVII, 738a–738b.
Lewis, J.S.: 1974, “The chemistry of the solar system”, Scientific American 230, 50–65.
Lewis, R.S. and Anders, E.: 1988, “Xenon-HL in diamonds from the Allende meteorite-composite nature”, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 19, 679–680.
Lewis, R.S., Srinivasan, B. and Anders, E.: 1975, “Host phase of a strange xenon component in Allende”, Science 190, 1251–1262.
Lin, D.N.C., Woosley, S.E., Bodenheimer, P.H.: 1991, “Formation of a planet orbiting pulsar 1829-10 from the debris of a supernova explosion”, Nature 353, 827–831.
Lodders, K. and Fegley, B., Jr.: 1995, “The origin of circumstellar silicone carbide grains found in meteorites”, Meteoritics and Planet. Sci. 30, 661–678.
Lyttleton, R.A.: 1941, “On the origin of the solar system”, Mont. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 101, 216–226.
MacElroy, J.M.D. and Manuel, O.K.: 1986, “Can intrasolar diffusion contribute isotope to anomalies in the solar wind?” J. Geophys, Res. 91, D473–D482.
Manuel, O.: 1998, “Isotopic ratios in Jupiter confirm intrasolar diffusion”, Meteoritics and Planet. Sci. 33, A97.
Manuel, O.: 1999, Abstract 60, “Proton capture on 14N generates excess 15N in the solar wind”, Annual Meeting of the Missouri Academy of Sciences, Cape Girardeau, MO, Missouri Acad. Sci. Bull. 27, no. 4, p. 14.
Manuel, O.K., Hennecke, E.W. and Sabu, D.D.: 1972, “Xenon in carbonaceous chondrites”, Nature 240, 99–101.
Manuel, O.K. and Hwaung, G.: 1983, “Solar abundances of the elements”, Meteoritics 18, 209–222.
Manuel, O.K., Lee, J.T., Ragland, D.E., MacElroy, J.M. D., Li, Bin and Brown, W.K.: 1998a, “Origin of the solar system and its elements”, J. Radio Anal. Nucl. Chem. 238, 213–225.
Manuel, O, Ragland, D., Windler, K., Zirbel, J., Johannes, L. and Nolte, A.: 1998b, “Strange isotope ratios in Jupiter”, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 30, 852–853.
Manuel, O., Windler, K., Nolte, A., Johannes, L., Zirbel, J. and Ragland, D.: 1998c, “Strange xenon in Jupiter”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 238, nos. 119–121.
Manuel O.K. and Ragland D.E.: 1997, Abstract 281, “Diffusive mass fractionation effects across the isolopes of noble gases and magnesium in the solar wind and in solar flares”, 1997 Midwest Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Osage Beach, MO, USA.
Manuel, O.K. and Sabu, D.D.: 1975, “Elemental and isolopic inhomogeneities in noble gases: The case for local synthesis of the chemical elements”, Trans. Missouri Acad. Sci. 9, 104–122.
Manuel, O.K. and Sabu, D.D.: 1977, “Strange xenon, extinct superheavy elements and the solar neutrino puzzle”, Science 195, 208–209.
Manuel, O.K. and Sabu, D.D.: 1981, “The noble gas record of the terrestrial planets”, Geochem. J. 15, 245–267.
Marti, K.: 1969, “Solar type xenon: A new isotopic composition of xenon in the Pesyanoe meteorite”, Science 166, 1263–1265.
Mason, B.: 1962, Meteorites, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 274 pp.
Masuda, A. and Qi-Lu: 1998, “Isotopic composition of molybdenum in iron meteorites viewed from nucleosynthesis”, Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 33, A99.
Mathews, G.J.: 1988, Origin and Distribution of the Elements, Proceedings of a 1987 ACS symposium, World Scientific, Singapore, 767 pp.
Mayer, M.G.: 1948, “On closed shells in nuclei”, Phys. Rev. 74, 235–239.
Menninger, Karl A.: 1968, The Crime of Punishment, Viking Press, New York, NY, 305 pp.
Milligan, W.O., ed.: 1978, Proceedings of the Robert A Welch Foundation Conferences on Chemical Research, XXI. Cosmochemistry, The Robert A. Welch Foundation, Houston, TX, 397 pp.
Miyake, Y.: 1965, Elements of Geochemistry, Maruzen Co., Tokyo, Japan, 475 pp.
Nazarov, M.A., Hoppe, P., Brandstaetter, F. and Kurat, G.: 1998, “Presolar trace element signature in P-rich sulfide from a CM chondrite clast in the Erevan howardite”, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXIX, 1596–1597.
Nazarov, M.A.: 1994, “P-rich sulfide, barringerite, and other phases in carbonaceous clasts of the Erevan howardite”, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXV, 979–980.
Nicolussi, G.K., Pellin, M.J., Lewis, R.S., Davis, A.M., Amari, S. and Clayton, R.N.: 1998, “Molybdenum isotopic composition of individual presolar silicon carbide grains from the Murchison meteorite”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 1093–1104.
Niemeyer, S.: 1979, “I-Xe dating of silicate and troilite from IAB iron meteorites”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43, 843–860.
Noddack, I. and Noddack, W.: 1930, „Die Häufigkeit der chemischen Elemente“, Naturwissenschaften 18, 757–764.
Noddack, I. and Noddack, W.: 1934, „Die geochemischen Verteilungkoeffizienten der Elemente“, Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift XLVI, 173–201.
Olbers, W.: 1803, „Uber die vom himmel gefellenen steine“, Ann. Phys. 14, 38–45.
Oliver, L.L., Ballad, R.V., Richardson, J.F. and Manuel, O.K.: 1981, “Isotopically anomalous tellurium in Allende: Another relic of local element synthesis”, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 43, 2207–2216.
Ott, U.: 1996, “Interstellar diamond xenon and timescales of supernova ejecta”, Ap. J. 463, 344–348.
Pagel, B.E.J.: 1988, “The origin and distribution of the elements”, in Origin and Distribution of the Elements, ed., Mathews, G.J., World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 253–271.
Palme, H. and O’Neill, H.St.C: 1996, “Formation of the earth’s core”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 1105–1108.
Palme, H., Suess, H.E. and Zeh, H.D.: 1981, “Abundances of the elements in the solar system”, in Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology 2, 257–272.
Pepin, R.O., Becker, R.H., and Rider, P.E.: 1995, “Xenon and krypton isotopes in extraterrestrial regolith soils and in the solar wind”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 4997–5022.
Podosek, F.A. and Swindle, T.D.: 1988, “Extinct radionuclides”, in Meteorites and the Early Solar System, eds., Kerridge, J.F. And Matthews, M.S., University of Arizona Press, Tuscon,AZ, pp. 1093–1146.
Prantos, N., Vangioni-Flam, E. and Cassé, M., eds.: 1993, Origin and Evolution of the Elements, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 545 pp.
Rao, M.N., Garrison D.H., Bogard D.D., Badhwar G. and Murali A.V.: 1991, “Composition of solar flare noble gases preserved in meteorite parent body regolith” J. Geophys. Res. 96, 19.321–19.330.
Reeves, H., ed.: 1972, Symposium on the Origin of the Solar System, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France, 379 pp.
Reynolds, J.H.: 1956, “High sensitivity mass spectrometer for noble gas analysis”, Rev. Sci. Instruments 27, 928–934.
Reynolds, J.H.: 1960a, “Determination of the age of the elements”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 8–10.
Reynolds, J.H.: 1960b, “Isotopic composition of primordial xenon”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 351–354.
Richards, T.W.: 1919, “Atomic Weights” Nobel lecture, December 6, 1919, Nobel Lectures in Chemistry, pp. 280–292.
Ross, J.E. and Aller, L.H.: 1976, “The chemical composition of the Sun”, Science 191, 1223–1229.
Rouse, C.A.: 1964, “Calculation of stellar structure using an ionization equilibrium equation of state”, University of California, UCRL Report 7820-T.
Rouse, C.A.: 1969, “Calculation of stellar structure”, in Progress in High Temperature Physics and Chemistry, vol. 2, ed. Rouse, C.A., Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 97–126.
Rouse, C.A.: 1975, “A solar neutrino loophole: Standard solar models”, Astron. Astrophys. 44, 237–240.
Rouse, C.A.: 1983, “Calculation of stellar structure. III. Solar models that satisfy the necessary conditions for a unique solution to the stellar structure equations”, Astron. Astrophys. 126, 102–110.
Rouse, C.A.: 1985, “Evidence for a small, high-Z, iron-like solar core”, Astron. Astrophys. 149, 65–72.
Rouse, C.A.: 1995, “Calculation of solar structure IV. Results using a detailed energy generation subroutine”, Astron. Astrophys. 304, 431–439.
Rouse, C.A.: 1998, personal communication.
Rowe, M.W. and Kuroda, P.K.: 1965, “Fissiogenic xenon from the Pasamonte meteorite”, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 709–714.
Sabu, D.D. and Manuel, O.K.: 1976a, “Xenon record of the early solar system”, Nature 262, 28–32.
Sabu, D.D. and Manuel, O.K.: 1976b, “The xenon record of element synthesis”, Eos 57, 278.
Sabu, D.D. and Manuel, O.K.: 1980, “Noble gas anomalies and synthesis of the chemical elements”, Meteoritics 15, 117–138.
Sahijpal, S., Goswami, J.N., Davis, A.M., Grossman, L. and Lewis, R.S.: 1998, “A stellar origin for the short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System”, Nature 391, 559–561.
Saxena, S, K. and Eriksson, G.: 1983, “High temperature phase equilibria in a solar-composition gas”, Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 47, 1865–1874
Shindo, H., Miyamoto, M, Matsuda, J. and Ito, K.: 1985, “Vapor deposition of diamond from methane-hydrogen mixture and its bearing on the origin of diamond in ureilite: A preliminary report”, Meteoritics 20, 754.
Srinivasan, B., Alexander, B.C., Jr., Manuel, O.K. and Troutner, D.E.: 1969, “Xenon and krypton from the spontaneous fission of californium 252”, Phys. Rev. 179, 1166–1169.
Srinivasan, B. and Anders, E.: 1978, “Noble gases in the Murchison meteorite: Possible relics of s-process nucleosynthesis” Science 201, 51–56.
Swindle, T.D., Grier, J.A. and Burkland, M.K..: 1995, “Noble gases in ortho pyroxenite A1H84001: A different kind of martian meteorite with an atmospheric signature”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 793–801.
Suess, H.E. and Urey, H.C.: 1956, “Abundances of the elements”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 28, 53–74.
Tayler, R.J.: 1972, The Origin of the Chemical Elements, Wykeham Pub. Ltd., London, 169 pp.
Tayler, R.J.: 1988, “Nucleosynthesis and the origin of the elements”, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A 325, 391–403.
Thiemens, M.H. and Heidenreich J. E. III: 1983, “The mass-independent fractionation of oxygen: A novel isotope effect and its possible cosmochemical implications”, Science 219, 1073–1075.
Timmes, F.X., Woosley, S.E., and Weaver, T.A.: 1995, “Galactic chemical evolution: Hydrogen through zinc”, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 98, 617–658.
Trimble, V.: 1975, “The origin and abundances of the chemical elements”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 877–976.
Trimble, V.: 1982, “Supernovae. Part I: the events” Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, 1183–1224.
Trimble, V.: 1983, “Supernovae. Part II: the aftermath” Rev. Mod. Phys. 55, 511–563.
Trimble, V.: 1988, “Galactic chemical evolution: Perspectives and prospects”, in Origin and Distribution of the Elements, Proceedings of a 1987 ACS symposium, ed., Mathews, G.J., World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 163–175.
Trimble, V.: 1991, “The origin and abundances of the chemical elements revisited”, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 3, 1–46.
Trimble, V.: 1996, “Cosmic abundances: Past, present and future”, ASP Conf. Series 99, eds., Holt, S.S. and Sonneborn, G., pp. 3–35.
Turekian, K.K. and Clarke, S.P.: 1969, “Inhomogeneous accumulation of the earth from the primitive solar nebula”, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 6, 346–348.
Urey, H.C.: 1952, “The Planets, Their Origin and Development, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 245 pp.
Urey, H.C.: 1954, “On the dissociation of gas and volatilized elements from proto-planets”, Ap. J. Suppl. 1, 147–174.
Urey, H.C.: 1956, “Diamonds, meteorites, and the origin of the solar system”, Ap. J. 124, 623–637.
Vinogradov, A.P.: 1975, “Formation of the metal cores of the planets”, Geokhimiya 10, 1427–1431.
Wallerstein, G., Iben, I., Parker, P., Boesgaard, A.M., Hale, G.M., Champagne, A.E., Barnes, C.A., Käppler, F., Smith, V.V., Hoffman, R.D., Timmes, F.X., Sneden, C., Boyd, R.N., Meyer, B.S. and Lambert, D.L.:1997, “Synthesis of elements in stars: forty years of progress”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 995–1084.
Wasserburg, G.J.: 1987, “Isotopic abundances: inferences on solar system and planetary evolution”, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 86, 129–173.
Wheeler, J.C. and Cameron, A.G.W.: 1975, “The effect of primordial hydrogen/helium fractionation on the solar neutrino flux”, Ap. J. 196, 601–605.
Wheeler, J.C., Sneden, C. and Truran, J.W.: 1989, “Abundance ratios as a function of metallicity”, Annu. Rev. Astro. Astrophys. 27, 279–349.
Wolszczan, A.: 1994, “Confirmation of earth-mass planets orbiting the millisecond pulsar PSR B 1257+12”, Science 264, 538–542.
Wolszczan, A. and Frail, D.A.: 1992, “A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257+12 Nature 355, 145–147.
Wood, J.: 1978, “Ancient chemistry and the formation of the planets”, in Proceedings of the Robert A Welch Foundation Conferences on Chemical Research, XXI. Cosmochemistry, ed., Milligan, W.O., The Robert A. Welch Foundation, Houston, TX, pp. 323–362.
Wood, John A.: 1999, “Forging the planets”, Sky & Telescope 97, 36–48.
Yoneda, S. and Grossman, L.: 1995, “Condensation of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 liquid from cosmic gases Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 3413–3444.
Zeilik, M.: 1982, Astronomy: The Evolving Universe, Harper & Row, New York, NY, 623 pp.
Zinner, E., Amari, S., Anders, E. and Lewis, R.S.: 1991, “Large amounts of extinct 26Al in interstellar grains from the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite”, Nature 349, 51–54.
Zinner, E.: 1997, “Presolar material in meteorites: an overview”, AIP Conference Proceeding 402: Astrophysical Implications of the Laboratory Study of Presolar Materials, eds., Bernatowicz, T.J. and Zinner, E., American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY, pp. 3–26.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Manuel, O. (2002). Origin of Elements in the Solar System. In: Manuel, O. (eds) Origin of Elements in the Solar System. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46927-8_44
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46927-8_44
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46562-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46927-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive