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Transgenic Fish: Production, Testing, and Risk Assessment

  • Chapter
Book cover Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry

Part of the book series: Focus on Biotechnology ((FOBI,volume 5))

Abstract

Domestic fish production through transgenic techniques offers many potential economics advantages for commercial aquaculture production, including introduction of new or novel traits and increased response to selection for faster growth. The traditional method of producing transgenic fish is still microinjection, however, advancements have been made using pseudotyped retroviral vectors and electroporation. Some success has also been shown using particle bombardment, but other methods such as sperm-mediated gene transfer, liposome-mediated DNA uptake, MPG peptide vector-oligonucleotide complex-mediated transfer, and nuclear transfer have had limited success in aquaculture. Several factors influence success of integration and expression, these include: the initial amount of DNA used in the injection (or electroporation), form of the DNA used (linear versus supercoiled), site of integration, copy number, and orientation of multiple transgene copies and matrix attachment regions (MARS).The species of origin and insertion of the transgene has also been shown to be important. Most promoters used in aquaculture are either constitutive or inducible, and except for being able to turn on or off the expression with inducible promoters, the level of expression remains uncontrolled. Progress has been made toward tissue specific promotion. The escape or introduction of transgenic fish into natural communities is a major ecological concern. Risk assessment can be addressed using the Net Fitness Approach (NFA) whereby critical fitness parameters are estimated on transgenic fish relative to wild type and incorporated into a model to predict risk. The net fitness parameters include viability to sexual maturity, age at sexual maturity, mating success, fecundity, fertility, and longevity. In this way, it is possible for regulators to develop a set of unambiguous tests to assess risk. Although it is impossible to measure these parameters under a totally natural setting, one can conclude if these parameters show no risk under a relatively favorable laboratory setting, they are even less likely to be a risk in nature?s more rigorous conditions. On the other hand, if the model predicts risk, it is not possible to conclude that this will translate into a real risk in nature, but adequate protection measures should be taken to prevent a de novo test of the hypothesis.

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  1. Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, 47907-11.51, USA

    W. M. Muir & W. M. Hostetler

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Muir, W.M., Hostetler, W.M. (2001). Transgenic Fish: Production, Testing, and Risk Assessment. In: Renaville, R., Burny, A. (eds) Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. Focus on Biotechnology, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46887-5_15

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46887-5_15

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