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Cloning and Transgenesis in Cattle: Potential Applications

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Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry

Part of the book series: Focus on Biotechnology ((FOBI,volume 5))

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Abstract

This article reviews the current state of generating genetically identical animals (clones) in the bovine species through nuclear transfer. In this process, the nucleus of a donor cell is transferred to a recipient oocyte in which the genetic material has been removed (cytoplast). First success have been achieved using totipotent embryonic cells as a source of nuclei for cloning. The different steps of the technique for embryo cloning are described, such as the enucleation of recipient oocytes, processing of the donor cells, reconstitution by micromanipulation and fusion and in vitro culture up to the blastocyst stage. The importance of the nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions is underlined and the conditions for chromatin remodelling greatly affect the development potential of the reconstituted embryo. The actual efficiency of embryo cloning is limited by the low number of nuclei available in a donor morula stage embryo. Recent research on the use of differentiated cells for nuclear transfer has completely reactivated the impact of cloning. In bovine, somatic cloning has been proven to be feasible from several types of cells taken on a live valuable cow or bull. This opens new possibilities for application in breeding schemes. Calculations indicate that the use of somatic cloning instead of embryo cloning from elite cows could improve by 20% the annual genetic gain in dairy cattle. For endangered breeds, somatic cloning could be a useful tool to maintain or even multiply the existing phenotypes. Furthermore sets of cloned calves can be used as animal models for experiments on pathology studies, reproduction or nutrition. However the main application of somatic cloning in cattle will be its utilisation for improved transgenesis efficiency. Gene targetting in cultured somatic cells through homologous recombination becomes possible in domestic species. Using such genetically modified somatic cells as a source of nuclei for cloning will enable to produce a first generation of identical offspring which are all transgenic without mosaicism. Potential applications in biomedecine to produce a variety of pharmaceuticals in milk, or in animal production to generate cattle in which undesirable genes would be knocked out, are discussed.

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  1. INRA- Unité de Biologie du Développement et Biotechnologies, 78352, Jouy en Josas Cedex, France

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Heyman, Y. (2001). Cloning and Transgenesis in Cattle: Potential Applications. In: Renaville, R., Burny, A. (eds) Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. Focus on Biotechnology, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46887-5_14

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46887-5_14

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