Skip to main content

Prevention of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccines

  • Chapter
Book cover Community-Acquired Pneumonia

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, W. G., Deaver, K. A., Cochi, S. L., Plikaytis, B. D., Zell, E. R., Broome, C. V., & Wenger, J. D.(1993). Decline of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the Hib vaccine era. JAMA, 269, 221–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adegbola, R. A., Mulholland, E. K., Secka, O., Jaffar, S., & Greenwood, B. M. (1998). Vaccination with a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine reduces oropharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae type b among Gambian children. J. Infect. Dis., 177, 1758–1761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. L., Kennedy, D. J., Geldmacher, K. M., Donnelly, J., & Mendelman, P. M. (1996). Immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. J. Pediatr., 128, 649–653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arden, N. H., Patriarca, P. A., & Kendal, A. P. (1986). Experience in the use and efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine in nursing homes, in: Options for the Control of Influenza (A. P. Kendal & P. A. Patriarca, eds.). New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 155–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austrian, R., & Gold, J. (1964). Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann. Intern. Med., 60, 759–776.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Austrian, R., Douglas, R. M., Schiffman, G., Coetzee, A. M., Koornhof, H. J., Hayden-Smith, S., & Reid, R. D. (1976). Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by vaccination. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 89, 184–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbour, M. L., Mayon-White, R. T., Coles, C., Crook, D. W. M., & Moxon, E. R. (1995). The impact of conjugate vaccine on carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b. J. Infect. Dis., 171, 93–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belshe, R. B., Mendelman, P. M., Treanor. J., King, J., Gruber, W. C., Piedra, P., Bernstein, D. I., Hayden, F. G., Kotloff, K., Zangwell, K., Lacuzio, D., & Wolff, M. (1998). The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal infiuenzavirus vaccine in children. N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 1405–1412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, S., Shinefield, H., Ray, P., Lewis, E., Fireman, B., The Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Group, Austrian, R., Siber, G., Hackell, J., Kohberger, R., & Chang, I. H. (1998). Efficacy of heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (Wyeth Lederle) in 37,000 infants and children: results of The Northern California Kaiser Permanente Efficacy Trial. Program of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, California. Abstract LB-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breiman, R. F., Butler, J. C., & McInnes, P. (1999). Vaccines to prevent respiratory infection: Opportunities on the near and far horizons. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 12, 145–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brichacek, B., Swindells, S., Janoff, E. N., Pirruccello, S., & Stevenson, M. (1996). Increased plasma human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 burden following antigenic challenge with pneumococcal vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 174, 1191–1199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briles, D. E., Hollingshead, S. K., Swiatlo, E., Brooks-Walter, A., Szalai, A., Virolainen, A., McDaniel, L. S., Benton, K. A., White, P., Prellner, K., Hermansson, A., Aerts, P. C., van Dijk, H., & Crain, M. J. (1997). PspA and PspC: Their potential for use as pneumococcal vaccines. Microb. Drug Resist., 3, 401–408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, C. E., Donovan, R. M., Markowitz, N. P., Kvale, P., & Saravolatz, L. D. (1996). A study of HIV RNA viral load in AIDS patients with bacterial pneumonia. AIDS Hum. Retrovirol, 13, 23–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. C., Breiman, R. P., Campbell, J. F., Lipman, H. B., Broome, C. V, & Facklam, R. R. (1993). Polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine efficacy: An evaluation of current recommendations. JAMA, 270, 1826–1831.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. C., Breiman, R. F., Lipman, H. B., Hofmann, J., & Facklam, R. R. (1995). Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among preschool children in the United States, 1978–1994: implications for develop-ment of a conjugate vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 171, 885–889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997a). Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR, 46(RR-8), 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997b). Outbreaks of pneumococcal pneumonia among unvaccinated resi-dents in chronic-care facilities—Massachusetts, October 1995, Oklahoma, February 1996, and Maryland, May–June 1996. MMWR, 46, 60–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1998). Progress toward eliminating Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children-United States, 1987–1997. MMWR, 47, 993–998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999). Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR, 48(RR-4), 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000). Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR, 49(RR-3), 1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, C. Y., Molrine, D. C., George, S., Tarbell, N. J., Mauch, P., Diller, L., Shamberger, R. C., Phillips, N. R., Goorin, A., & Ambrosino, D. M. (1996). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine primes for antibody responses to polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines after treatment of Hodgkin’s Disease. J. Infect. Dis., 173, 256–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chenoweth, A., Waltz, A. D., Stokes, J. Jr. (1936). Active immunization with the viruses of human and swine influenza. Am. J. Dis. Child., 52, 757–758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A., Potter, C. W., Jennings, R., Nicholl, J. P., Langrick, A. F., Schild, G. C., Wood, J. M., & Tyrrell, D. A. (1983). A comparison of live and inactivated influenza A (H1N1) virus vaccines: 2. Long-term immunity. J. Hyg., 90, 361–370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemens, J. D., & Shapiro, E. D. (1984). Resolving the pneumo-coccal vaccine controversy: are there alternatives to ran-domized clinical trials? Rev. Infect. Dis., 6, 589–600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemens, J., Brenner, R., Rao, M., Tafari, N., & Lowe, C. (1996). Evaluation of new vaccines for developing countries: Efficacy or effectiveness? JAMA, 275, 390–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clements, M. L., & Stephens, I. (1997). New and improved vaccines against influenza, in: New Generation Vaccines, 2nd ed. (M. M. Levine, G. C. Woodrow, J. B. Kaper, & G. S. Cobon, eds.). New York: Marcel Decker, pp. 545–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Couch, R. B., Kasel, J. A., Glezen, W. P., Cate, T. R., Six, H. R., Taber, L. H., Frank, A. L., Greenberg, S. B., Zahradnik, J. M., & Keitel, W. A. (1986). Influenza: Its control in persons and populations. J. Infect. Dis., 153, 431–440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Couch, R. B., Keitel, W. A., & Cate, T. R. (1997). Improvement of inactivated influenza virus vaccines. J. Infect. Dis., 176(Suppl. I),S38–S44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, N. J., Brammer, T. L., & Regnery, H. L. (1994). Influenza: Global surveillance for epidemic and pandemic variants. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 10, 467–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport, F. M. (1961). Inactivated influenza virus vaccines: past, present, and future. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 83(Suppl), 146–150.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, M., Bulkow, L. R., Grabman, J., Parkinson, A. J., Chamblee, C, Williams, W. W., Lanier, A. P., & Schiffman, G. (1993). Immunogenicity of pneumococcal revaccination in patients with chronic disease. Arch. Intern. Med., 154, 2209–2214.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Bruijn, I. A., Remarque, E. J., der Zijde, C. M. J., van Tol, M. J. D., Westendrop, R. G. J., & Knock D. L. (1999). Quality and quantity of the humoral immune response in healthy elderly and young subjects after annually repeated influenza vaccination. J. Infect. Dis., 179, 31–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deroo, T., Jou, W. M., & Fiers, W. (1996). Recombinant neuraminidase vaccine protects against lethal influenza. Vac-cine, 14, 561–569.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeStefano, F., Goodman, R. A., Noble, G. R., McClary, G. D., Smith, S. J., & Broome, C. V. (1982). Simultaneous administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. JAMA, 247, 2551–2554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, R. M., Paton, J. C., Duncan, S. J., & Hansman, D. J. (1983). Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in children younger than five years of age. J. Infect. Dis., 148, 131–137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowdle, W. R. (1981). Influenza immunoprophylaxis after 30 years’ experience, in: Genetic Variation among Influenza Viruses (D. P. Nayak, ed.). New York: Academic Press, pp. 525–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudas, R. A., & Karron, R. A. (1998). Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 11, 430–439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, K. M., Dupont, W. D., Westrich, M. K., Plummer, W. D. Jr., Palmer, P. S., & Wright, P. F. (1994). A randomized controlled trial of cold-adapted and inactivated vaccines for prevention of influenza A disease. J. Infect. Dis., 169, 68–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fair, B. M., Johnston, B. L., Cobb, D. K., Fisch, M. J., German-son, T. P., Adal, K. A., & Anglim, A. M. (1995). Preventing pneumococcal bacteremia in patients at risk. Results of a matched case-control study. Arch. Intern. Med., 155, 2336–2340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedson, D. S., Wajda, A., Nicol, J. P., Hammond, G. W., Kaiser, D. L., & Roos, L. L. (1993). Clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccination in Manitoba. JAMA, 270, 1956–1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedson, D. S., Musher, D. M., & Eskola, J. (1999). Pneumococcal vaccine, in: Vaccines, 3rd ed. (S. A. Plotkin & W. A. Orenstein, eds.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., pp. 553–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M. J., Smith, M. A., Carson, C. A., Meffe, F., Sankey, S. S., Weisfeld, L. A., Detsky, A. S., & Kapoor, W. N. (1994). Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med., 154, 2666–2677.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiore, A. E., Elliott, J. A., Franklin, A. R., Facklam, R. R., & Butler, J. C. The Pneumococcal Sentinel Surveillance Working Group. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ef-fectiveness among children of ages 2 though 5. Infectious Disease Society of America 35th Annual Meeting, Septem-ber 15, 1997, San Francisco, California. Abstract 615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiore, A. E., Iverson, C.. Messmer, T., Erdman, D., Lett, S. M., Talkington, D. F., Anderson, L. J., Fields, B., Carlone, G. M., Breiman, R. F., & Cetron, M. S. (1998). Outbreak of pneumonia in a long-term care facility: antecedent human parainfluenza virus 1 infection may predispose to bacterial pneumonia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 46, 1112–1117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forrester, H. L., Jahnigen, D. W., & LaForce, F. M. (1987). Inefficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in a high-risk popula-tion. Am. J. Med., 83, 425–430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, D. A., Talsma, A., Fururnoto-Dawson, A., Ohmit, S. E., Margulies, J. R., Arden, N. H., & Monto, A. (1992). Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalizations for pneumonia in the elderly. Am. J. Epidemiol., 136, 296–307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, T. Jr., Salk, J. E., Pearson, H. E., & Brown, P. N. (1945). Protective efficacy of vaccination against induced influ-enza. J. Clin. Invest., 24, 536–546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, J. D., Craven, D. E., Steger, K. A., Cox, N., Heeren, T. C., & Chernoff, D. (1999). Influenza vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus (HlV)-infected adults: impact on plasma levels of HIV type 1 RNA and determinants of antibody response. Clin. Infect. Dis., 28, 541–547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaillat, J., Zmirou, D., Mallaret, M. R., Rouhan, D., Bru, J. P., Stahl, J. P., Delormas, P., & Micoud, M. (1985). Essai clinique du vaccin antipneumococcique chez des personnes âgées vivant en institution. Rev. Epìdém. Santé Publ, 33, 437–444.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glezen, W. P. (1996). Emerging infections: pandemic influenza. Epidemiol. Rev., 18, 64–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glezen, W. P., & Couch, R. B. (1978). Interpandemic influenza in the Houston area, 1974–76. N. Engl. J. Med., 298, 587–592.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Go, E. S., & Ballas, Z. K. (1996). Anti-pneumococcal antibody response in normal subjects: a meta-analysis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 98, 205–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govaert, T. M. E., Dinant, G. J., Aretz, K., Masurel, N., Sprenger, M. J. V., Knottnerus, J. A. (1993). Adverse reactions to influenza vaccine in elderly people: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. Br. Med. J., 307, 988–990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govaert, T. M., Thijs, C. T., Masurel, N., Sprenger, M. J., Dinant, G. J., & Knottnerus, J. A. (1994). The efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. JAMA, 272, 1661–1665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, S P. A., Hermogenes, A. W., Sacks, H. S., Lau, J., & Levandowski, R. A. (1995). The efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Ann. Intern. Med., 123, 518–527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, P. A., Russo, C., Dran, S., Cataruozolo, P., Munk, G., & Lancey, S. C. (1997). Time to earliest peak serum antibody response to influenza vaccine in the elderly. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 4, 491–492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, W. C., Belshe, R. B., King, J. C., Treanor, J. J., Piedra, P. A., Wright, P. F., Reed, G. W., Anderson, E., & Newman, F. (1996). Evaluation of live attenuated influenza vaccines in children 6-18 months of age: safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. J. Infect. Dis., 173, 1313–1319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilleman, M. R., Carlson, A. J., McLean, A. A., Vella, P. P., Weibel, R. E., & Woodhour, A. F. (1981). Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide vaccine: age and dose re-sponses, safety, persistence of antibody, revaccination, and simultaneous administration of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines. Rev. Infect. Dis., 3(Suppl.), S31–S42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, L. A., Benson, P., Sneller, V.-P., Butler, J. C., Thompson, R. S., Chen, R. T, Lewis, L. S., Carlone, C., De-Stefano, F., Holder, P., Lezhava, T., & Williams, W. W. (1999). Safety of revaccination with pneumococcal poly-saccharide vaccine. JAMA, 281, 243–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, G. G., Johnson, J. L., Boom, W. H., Wallis, R. S., Whalen, C. C., & Ginsberg, A. M. (1997). Tuberculosis vaccines: How close to human testing? Tuber. Lung Dis., 78, 159–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, J. M., Zeiger, R. S., Lester, M. R., Fasano, M. B., Gern, J. E., Mansfield, L. E., Schwartz, H. J., Sampson, H. A., Windom, H. H., Machtinger, S. B., & Lensing, S. (1998). Safe administration of influenza vaccine to patients with egg allergy. J. Pediatr., 133, 624–628.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, J. E., Katona, P., Hurwitz, E. S., & Schonberger, L. B. (1982). Guillain-Barré syndrome in the United States, 1979–1980 and 1980–1981: lack of an association with influenza vaccination. JAMA, 248, 698–700.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzenstein, T. L., Gerstoft, J., & Nielsen, H. (1996). Assessments of plasma HIV RNA and CD4 cell counts after combined Pneumovax® and tetanus toxoid vaccination: No detectable increase in HIV replication 6 weeks after immunization. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 28, 239–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, P. (1947). Pneumonia in old age: active immunization against pneumonia with pneumococcus polysaccharide; results of a six year study. Arch. Intern. Med., 79, 518–531.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Käyhty, H., Ahman, H., Rönnberg, P.-R., Tillikainen, R., & Eskola, J. (1995). Pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infants and children. J. Infect. Dis., 172, 1273–1278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keitel, W. A., Cate, T. R., Couch, R. B., Huggins, L. L., & Hess, K. R. (1997). Efficacy of repeated annual immunization with inactivated influenza virus vaccines over a five year period. Vaccine, 15, 1114–1122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilbourne, E. D. (1994). Inactivated influenza vaccines, in: Vaccines, 2nd ed. (S. A. Plotkin & E. A. Mortimer, Jr., eds.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders and Company, pp. 565–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koivula, I., Stén, M., Leinonen, M., & Mäkelä, P. H. (1997). Clinical efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly: a randomized, single-blind population-based trial. Am. J. Med., 103, 281–290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koskela, M., Leinonen, M., HNivN, V. M., Timonen, M., & Mäkelä, P. H. (1986). First and second dose antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis., 5, 45–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, C., Fischer, S., Ansorg, R., & Hüttemann, U. (1985). Pneumococcal antibodies (IgG, IgM) in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease 3 years after pneumococcal vaccination. Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 174, 51–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laboratory Centre lor Disease Control (1998). Canadian Immunization Guide, 5th ed. Ottawa: Canadian Medical Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakey, D. L., Treanor, J. J., Belts, R. R, Smith, G. E., Thompson, J., Sannella, E., Reed, G., Wilkinson, B. E., & Wright, P. F. (1996). Recombinant baculovirus influenza A hemagglutinín vaccines are well tolerated and ímmunogeníc in healthy adults. J. Infect. Dis., 174, 838–841.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langmuir, A. D., Bregman, D. J., Kurland, L. T, Nathanson, N., & Victor, M. (1984). An epidemiologic and clinical evaluation of Guillain-Barré syndrome reported in association with the administration of swine influenza vaccines. Am. J. Epidermiol., 119, 841–879.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lasky, T, Terracciano, G. J., Magder, L., Koski, C. L., Ballesteros, M., Nash, D., Clark, S., Haber, P., Stolley, P. D., Schonberger, L. B., & Chen, R. T. (1998). The Guillain-Barré syndrome and the 1992–1993 and 1993–1994 influenza vaccines. N. Engl. J. Med., 339, 1797–1802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leinonen, M., Säkkinen, A., Kalliokoski, R., Luotonen, J., Timonen, M., & Mäkelä, P. H. (1986). Antibody response to 14-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in pre-school age children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis., 5, 39–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lock, R. A., Paton, J. C., & Hansman, D. (1988). Comparative efficacy of pneumococcal neuraminidase and pneumolysin as immunogens protective against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb. Path.. 5, 461–467.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maassab, H. F., Kendal, A. P., & Davenport, F. M. (1972). Hybrid formation of influenza virus at 25°. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol Med., 139, 768–773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, C. M., Hodges, R. G., Heidelberger, M., & Bernhard, W. G. (1945). Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunization with specific capsular polysaccharides. J. Exp. Med., 82, 445–465.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margolis, K. L., Nichol, K. L., Poland, G. A., & Pluhar, R. E. (1990). Frequency of adverse reactions to influenza vaccine in the elderly: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. JAMA, 264, 1139–1141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marríe, T. J. (1994). Community-acquired pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis., 18, 501–515.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marston, B. J., Plouffe, J. F., File, T. M., Hackman, B. A., Salstrom, S. J., Lipman, H. B., Kolczak, M. S., & Breiman, R. F. (1997). Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: results of population-based active surveillance in Ohio. Arch. Intern. Med., 157, 1709–1718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel, L. S., Sheffield, J. S., Delucchi, P., & Briles, D. E. (1991). PspA, a surface protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae, is capable of eliciting protection against pneumococci of more than one capsular serotype. Infect. Immun., 59, 222–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel, L. S., Loechel, F., Benedict, C., Greenway, T., Briles, D. E., Conry, R. M., & Curiel, D. T. (1997). Immunization with a plasmid expressing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) can elicit protection against fatal infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Gene Ther., 4, 375–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meiklejohn, G. (1983). Viral respiratory disease at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver. 1952–82. J. Infect. Dis., 148, 775–784.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minor, D. R., Schiffman, G., & McIntosh, L. S. (1979). Response of patients with Hodgkin’s disease to pneumococcal vaccine. Ann. Intern. Med., 90, 887–892.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molrine, D. C., George, S., Tarbell, N., Mauch, P., Diller, L., Neuberg, D., Shamberger, R. C., Anderson, E. L., Phillips, N. R.. Kinsella, K., & Ambrosino, D. M. (1995). Antibody responses to polysaccharide and polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines after treatment of Hodgkin’s disease. Ann. Intern. Med., 123, 828–834.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mufson, M. A., Krause, H. E., Schiffman, G., & Hughey, D. F. (1987). Pneumococcal antibody levels one decade after immunization of healthy adults. Am. J. Med. Sci., 293, 279–284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. R. (1993). Use of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza A reassortant vaccines in infants, children, young adults and elderly adults. Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract., 2, 174–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. R., Hall, S. L., Kulkarni, A. B., Crowe, J. E. Jr., Collins, P. L., Connors, M., Karron, R. A., & Chanock, R. M. (1994). An update on approaches to the development of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) vaccines. Virus Res., 32, 13–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, K. R., & Strunk, R. C. (1985). Safe administration of influenza vaccine in asthmatic children sensitive to egg protein. J. Pediatr., 106, 931–933.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musher, D. M., Groover, J. E., Rowland, J. M., Watson, D. A., Struewing, J. B., Baughn, R. E., & Mufson, M. A. (1993). Antibody to capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae: prevalence, persistence, and response to revaccination. Clin. Infect. Dis., 17, 66–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musher, D. M., Groover, J. E., Watson, D. A., Pandey, J. P., Rodriguez-Barradas, M. C., Baughn, R. E., Pollack, M. S., Graviss, E. A., de Andrade, M., & Amos, C. I. (1997). Genetic regulation of the capacity to make immunoglobulin G to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides. J. Invest. Med., 45, 57–68

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics. (1998). Health, United States, 1998 with Socioeconomic Status and Health Chartbook. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, p. 212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayak, A. R., Tinge, S. A., Tart, R. C., McDaniels, L. S., Briles, D. E., & Curtiss, R. III. (1998). A live recombinant avirulent oral Salmonella vaccine expressing pneumococcal surface protein A induces protective responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun., 66, 3744–3751.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuzil, K. M., Reed, G. W., Mitchel, E. F., & Griffin, M. R. (1999). Influenza-associated morbidity and mortality in young and middle-aged women. JAMA, 281, 901–907.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichol, K. L., Margolis, K. L., Wuorenma, J., & von Sternberg, T. (1994). The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. N. Engl. J. Med., 331, 778–784.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichol, K. L., Lind, A., Margolis, K. L., Murdoch, M., McFadden, R., Hauge, M., Magnan, S., & Drake. M. (1995). The effectiveness of vaccination against influenza in healthy, working adults. N. Engl. J. Med., 333, 889–893.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichol, K. L., Margolis, K. L., Lind, A., Murdoch, M., McFadden, R., Hauge, M., Magnan, S., & Drake, M. (1996). Side effects associatedwith influenza vaccination in healthy working adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Intern. Med., 156, 1546–1550.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichol, K. L., Wuorenma, J., & von Sternberg, T. (1998). Benefits of influenza vaccination for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk senior citizens. Arch. Intern. Med., 158, 1769–1776.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noble, G. R. (1982). Epidemiological and clinical aspects of influenza, in: Basic and Applied Influenza Research (A. S. Beare, ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 11–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuorti, J. P., Butler, J. C., Crutcher, J. M., Guevara, R., Welch, D., Holder, P., & Elliott, J. A. (1998). An outbreak of pneumonia and bacteremia due to multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among unvaccinated nursing home residents. N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 1861–1868.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, K. L., Steinhoff, M. C., Edwards, K., Keyserling, H., Thoms, M. L., & Madore, D. (1996). Immunologic priming of young children by pneumococcal glycoprotein conjugate, but not polysaccharide, vaccines. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 15, 425–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, W. A., Grovit-Ferbas, K., Namazi, A., Ovcak-Derzic, S., Wang, H.-J., Park, J., Yeramian, C., Mao, S.-H., & Zack, J. A. (1995). Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 replication can be increased in peripheral blood of seropositive patients after influenza vaccination. Blood, 86, 1082–1089.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dempsey, T. J. D., McArdle, T., Ceesay, S. J., Banya, W. A. S., Demba, E., Secka, O., Leinonen, M., Käyhty, H., Francis, N., & Greenwood, B. M. (1996). Immunization with a pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine during pregnancy. Vaccine, 14, 963–970

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Technology Assessment. (1981). Cost-effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination. Washington, DC: United States Congress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, G. W., Burris, J. M., Burlew, M. M., Steinberg, M. E., Patz, N. V., Stoltzfus, J. A., & Mandel, K. H. (1998). Absenteeism among employees who participated in a workplace influenza immunization program. J. Occupat. Environ. Med., 40, 311–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • örtqvist, A., Hedlund, J., Burman, L. A., Eibel, E., Höfer, M., Leinonen, M., Lindblad, I., Sundelöf, B., Kalin, M., & Swedish Pneumococcal Vaccination Study Group. (1998). Randomized trial of 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in prevention of pneumonia in middle-age and elderly people. Lancet, 351, 399–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patriarca, P. A., & Cox, N. J. (1997). Influenza pandemic preparedness for the United States. J. Infect. Dis., 176(Suppl. 1), S4–S7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plouffe, J. F., Breiman, R. F., & Facklam, R. R. (1996). Bacteremia with Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults—Implications for therapy and prevention. JAMA, 275, 194–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, D. C., Anderson, E. L., Lottenbach, K., & Mink, C. M. (1996). Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a protein-conjugated pneumococcal oligosaccharide vaccine in older adults. J. Infect. Dis., 173, 1014–1018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rennels, M. B., Edwards, K. M., Keyserling, H. L., Reisinger, K. S., Hogerman, D. A., Madore, D. V., Chang, I., Paradiso, P. R., Malinoski, F. J., & Kimura, A. (1998). Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 in United States infants. Pediatrics, 101, 604–611.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, H. L., Boyle, C. A., Feltquate, D. M., Morin, M. J., Santoro, J. C., & Webster, R. G. (1997). DNA immunization for influenza virus: Studies using hemagglutinin-and nucleoprotein-expressing DNAs. J. Infect. Dis., 176(Suppl. 1), S50–S55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriquez-Barradas, M. C., Musher, D. M., Lahart, C., Lacke, C., Groover, J., Watson, D., Baughn, R., Cate, T., & Crofoot, G. (1992). Antibody to capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae after vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects with 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 165, 553–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero-Steiner, S., Libutti, D., Pais, L. B., Dykes, J., Anderson, P., Whitin, J. C., Keyserling, H. L., & Carlone, G. M. (1997). Standardization of an opsonophagocytic assay of the measurement of functional antibody activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae using differentiated HL-60 cells. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 4, 415–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romero-Steiner, S., Musher, D. M., Cetron, M. S., Pais, L. B., Groover, J. E., Fiore, A. E., Plikaytis, B. D., & Carlone, G. M. (1999). Reduction in functional antibody activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in vaccinated elderly individuals highly correlates with decreased IgG antibody avidity. Clin. Infect. Dis., 29, 281–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safrin, S., Rush, J. D., & Mills, J. (1990). Influenza in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest, 98, 33–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, J. S., Furlow, Z., Whitncy, A. M., Williams, D., Facklam, R., & Carlone, G. M. (1997). Limited diversity of Streptococcus pneumoniae psaA among pneumococcal vaccine serotypes. Infect. Immun., 65, 1967–1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sankilampi, U., Honkanen, P. O., Bloigu, A., & Leinonen, M. (1997). Persistence of antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly. J. Infect. Dis., 176, 1100–1104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, G. P., Smith, R. P., Baltch, A. L., Hall, C. A., & Schiffman, G. (1981). Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine in patients with multiple myeloma. J. Infect. Dis., 143, 590–597.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoendorf, K. C., Adams, W. G., Kiely, J. L., & Wenger, J. D. (1994). National trends in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis mortality and hospitalization among children, 1980 through 1991. Pediatrics, 93, 663–668.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholtissek, C. (1994). Source for influenza pandemics. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 10, 455–458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, E. D., Berg, A. T., Austrian, R., Schroeder, D., Parcells, V, Margolis, A., Adair, R. K., & Clemens, J. D. (1991). The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med., 325, 1453–1460.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siber, G. R. (1994). Pneumococcal disease: prospects for a new generation of vaccines. Science, 265, 1385–1387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simberkoff, M. S., Cross, A. P., Al-lbrahim, M., Baltch, A. L., Geiseler, P. J., Nadler, J., Richmond, A. S., Smith, R. P., Schiffman, G., Shepard, D. S., & van Eeckhout, J. P. (1986). Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in high-risk patients. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N. Engl. J. Med., 315, 1318–1327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonsen, L., Clarke, M. J., Williamson, D., Stroup, D. F., Arden, N. H., & Schonberger, L. B. (1997). The impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index. Am. J. Pub. Health, 87, 1944–1950.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonsen, L., Clarke, M. J., Schonberger, L. B., Arden, N. H., Cox, N. J., & Fukuda, K. (1998). Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution. J. Infect. Dis., 178, 53–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sims, R. V., Steinmann, W. C., McConville, J. H., King, L. R., Zwick, W. C., & Schwartz, J. S. (1988). The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly. Ann. Intern. Med., 108, 653–657.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sisk, J. E., Moskowitz, A. J., Whang, W., Fedson, D. S., McBean, A. M., Plouffe, J. E, Cetron, M. S., & Butler, J. C. (1997). Cost-effectiveness of vaccination against pneumococcal bacteremia among elderly people. JAMA, 278, 1333–1339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smit, P., Oberholzer, D., Hayden-Smith, S., Koornhof, H. J., & Hilleman, M. R. (1977). Protective efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. JAMA, 238, 2613–2616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sniadack, D. H., Schwartz, B., Lipman, H., Bogaerts, J., Butler, J. C., Dagan, R., Echaniz-Aviles, G., Lloyd-Evans, N., Fenoll, A., Guirguis, N., Henrichsen, J., Klugman, K., Lehmann, D., Takala, A. K., Vandepitte, J., Gove, S., & Breiman, R. F. (1995). Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia: geographic and temporal differences in serotype and serogroup distribution of sterile site pneumococcal isolates from children-implications for vaccine strategies. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 14, 503–510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, S. K., Ostrowski, M. A., Justement, J. S., Gantt, K., Hedayati, S., Mannix, M., Roche, K., Schwartzentruber, D. J., Fox, C. H., & Fauci, A. S. (1996). Effect of immunization with a common recall antigen on viral expression in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type I. N. Engl. J. Med., 334, 1222–1230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhoff, M. C., Edwards, K., Keyserling, H., Thoms, M. L., Johnson, C., Madore, D., & Hogerman, D. (1994). A randomized comparison of three bivalent Streptococcus pneumoniae glycoprotein conjugate vaccines in young children: effect of polysaccharide size and linkage characteristics. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 13, 368–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takala, A. K., Eskola, J., Leinonen, M., Kayhty, H., Nissinen, A., Pekkanen, E., & Mäkela, P. H. (1991). Reduction of oropharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in children immunized with an Hib conjugate vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 164, 982–986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treanor, J. J., Betts, R. F., Smith, G. E., Anderson, E. L., Hackett, C. S., Wilkinson, B. E., Belshe, R. B., & Powers, D. C. (1996). Evaluation of a recombinant hemagglutinin expressed in insect cells as an influenza vaccine in young and elderly adults. J. Infect. Dis., 173, 1476–1470.

    Google Scholar 

  • USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. (1997). Prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Ann. Intern. Med., 127, 922–946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vella, P. P., McLean, A. A., Woodhour, A. F., Weibel, R. E., & Hilleman, M. R. (1980). Persistence of pneumococcal antibodies in human subjects following vaccination. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 164, 435–438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernacchio, L., Neufield, E. J., MacDonald, K., Kurth, S., Murakami, S., Hohne, C., King, M., & Molrine, D. (1998). Combined schedule of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in children and young adults with sickle cell disease. J. Pediatr., 133, 275–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, R. G. (1998). Influenza: an emerging disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 4, 436–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, R., Bean, W., German, O., Chambers, T., & Kawaoka, Y. (1992). Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol. Rev., 56, 152–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, R. G. (1996). DNA vaccines for emerging infectious diseases: what if? Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2, 168–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilde, J. A., McMillan, J. A., Serwint, J., Butta, J., O’Riordan, M. A., & Steinhoff, M. C. (1999). Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in health care professionals: a randomized trial. JAMA, 281, 909–913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, A. E., Morgan, W. P., Cantab, M. B., Colebrook, L., Lond, M. B., Dodgson, R. W., & Lond, M. D. (1914). Observations on prophylactic inoculations against pneumococcus infection, and on the results which have been achieved by it. Lancet, 1, 87–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, H.-Y., Nahm, M. H., Guo, Y, Russell, M. W., & Briles, D. E. (1997). Intranasal immunization of mice with PspA (pneumococcal surface protein A) can prevent intranasal carriage, pulmonary infection, and sepsis with Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Infect. Dis., 175, 839–846.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Butler, J.C., Fukuda, K., Breiman, R.F. (2002). Prevention of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. In: Marrie, T.J. (eds) Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46834-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46834-4_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46432-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46834-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics