Educational Policy Innovations pp 103-121 | Cite as
Purposeful Policy and Practice for Equity and Quality – A Finnish Case
Abstract
The chapter describes how equity and quality are closely connected in the Finnish educational system. The Finnish system aims to support learners to become active agents in their daily lives and in society as a whole. Values related to life-long learning are important at all levels of the educational system. In order to connect equity and life-long learning, the educational system needs to be very flexible and learners must be able to continue schooling at any stage of their lives. The article also introduces the major tools for keeping up the quality in the system. The national decision has been to use all evaluation for improvements, not ranking. This enhancement-led principle is connected with local responsibility to design school-based curricula and implementation of the national core curricula. There is no national achievement testing. Local educational providers are responsible for the quality of teaching. The key issue is high quality teachers whose teacher education prepares them to work as reflective professionals. The article also reflects on the major challenges of the Finnish system for the future.
Keywords
Teacher Education Student Teacher Lifelong Learning Basic Education Core CurriculumReferences
- Aloni, N. (2002). Enhancing humanity: The philosophical foundations of humanistic education. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
- Biesta, G. (2009). Good education: What it is and why we need it. Inaugural lecture at The Stirling Institute of Education, Stirling, Scotland, UK.Google Scholar
- Campbell, E. (2008). Preparing ethical professionals as a challenge for teacher education. In K. Tirri (Ed.), Educating moral sensibilities in urban schools (pp. 3–8). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar
- Carr, W., & Hartnett, A. (1996). Education and the struggle for democracy: The politics of educational ideas. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.Google Scholar
- Council for Lifelong Learning. (2010). Lifelong learning – Opportunity for growth and employment. Retrieved from http://www.minedu.fi/opencms/opencms/handle404?exporturi=/export/sites/default/OPM/Koulutus/aikuiskoulutus_ja_vapaa_sivistystyoe/elinikaisenoppimisenneuvosto/liitteet/eng_teesit.pdf
- Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). Teaching and educational transformation. In M. Fullan, A. Hargreaves, A. Lieberman, & D. Hopkins (Eds.), Second international handbook of educational change (pp. 505–522). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Day, C., & Johansson, O. (2008). Leadership with a difference in schools serving disadvantaged communities: Arenas for success. In K. Tirri (Ed.), Educating moral sensibilities in urban schools (pp. 19–34). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar
- Finnish Educational Evaluation Council. (2012). Introduction. Mission. Retrieved from http://www.edev.fi/portal/english5/basis_for_operation
- Finnish Higher Education Evaluation Council. (2012). Duties. Retrieved from http://www.finheec.fi/index.phtml?l=en&s=28
- Finnish National Board of Education (FNBE). (2000). National core curriculum for pre-school education in Finland. Retrieved from http://www.oph.fi/download/123162_core_curriculum_for_pre_school_education_2000.pdf
- Finnish National Board of Education (FNBE). (2004a). National core curriculum for basic education. Retrieved from http://www.oph.fi/english/sources_of_information/core_curricula_and_qualification_requirements/basic_education
- Finnish National Board of Education (FNBE). (2004b). National core curriculum for upper secondary schools. Retrieved from http://www.oph.fi/english/sources_of_information/core_curricula_and_qualification_requirements/basic_education
- Finnish National Board of Education (FNBE). (2012a). Pupil assessment. Retrieved from http://www.oph.fi/english/education/basic_education/pupil_assesment
- Finnish National Board of Education. (2012b). Basic education. Retrieved from http://www.oph.fi/english/education/basic_education
- Halinen, I., & Järvinen, R. (2008). Towards inclusive education: The case of Finland. Prospects, 38(1), 77–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jakku-Sihvonen, R., & Niemi, H. (2007). Introduction. In R. Jakku-Sihvonen & H. Niemi (Eds.), Education as societal contributor (pp. 9–20). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Jyrhämä, R. (2006). The function of practical studies in teacher education. In R. Jakku-Sihvonen & H. Niemi (Eds.), Research-based teacher education in Finland: Reflections by Finnish teacher educators (pp. 51–70). Turku, Finland: Finnish Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
- Jyrhämä, R., & Maaranen, R. (2012). Research orientation in teachers’ work. In H. Niemi, A. Toom, & A. Kallioniemi (Eds.), Miracle of education: The principles and practices of teaching and learning in Finnish schools (pp. 97–114). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar
- Kumpulainen, K., & Lankinen, T. (2012). Striving for educational equity and excellence: Evaluation and assessment in Finnish basic education. In H. Niemi, A. Toom, & A. Kallioniemi (Eds.), Miracle of education: The principles and practices of teaching and learning in Finnish schools (pp. 82–96). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar
- Laukkanen, R. (2006). Finnish strategy for high-level education for all. Paper presented at the educational systems and the challenge of improving results conference, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.Google Scholar
- Laukkanen, R. (2008). Finnish strategy for high-level education for all. In N. C. Sognel & P. Jaccard (Eds.), Governance and performance of education systems (pp. 305–324). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
- Meisalo, V. (2007). Subject teacher education in Finland: A research-based approach – The role of subjects didactics and networking in teacher education. In R. Jakku-Sihvonen & H. Niemi (Eds.), Education as societal contributor (pp. 161–180). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland (MEC). (2007). Opettajankoulutus 2020 [Teacher Education 2020]. Helsinki, Finland: Author.Google Scholar
- Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland (MEC). (2011). Education. Retrieved from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/?lang=en
- Niemi, H. (2011). Educating student teachers to become high quality professionals – A Finnish case. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 1(1), 43–66.Google Scholar
- Niemi, H. (2012a). The societal factors contributing to education and schooling in Finland. In H. Niemi, A. Toom, & A. Kallioniemi (Eds.), Miracle of education: The principles and practices of teaching and learning in Finnish schools (pp. 82–96). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar
- Niemi, H. (2012b). Teacher education for high quality professionals. An analysis from the Finnish perspective. In O. S. Tan (Ed.), Teacher education frontiers: International perspectives on policy and practice for building new teacher competences (pp. 43–70). Singapore: CENSAGE Learning.Google Scholar
- Niemi, H., & Isopahkala-Bouret, U. (2012). Lifelong learning in Finnish society – An analysis of national policy documents. International Journal of Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning, 5(1), 43–63.Google Scholar
- Niemi, H., & Jakku-Sihvonen, R. (2006). Research-based teacher education. In R. Jakku-Sihvonen & H. Niemi (Eds.), Research-based teacher education in Finland: Reflections by Finnish teacher educators (pp. 31–50). Turku, Finland: Finnish Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
- Niemi, H., & Lavonen, J. (2012). Evaluation for improvements in Finnish teacher education. In J. Harford, B. Hudson, & H. Niemi (Eds.), Quality assurance and teacher education: International challenges and expectations. Oxford, UK: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Nummenmaa, A. R., & Lautamatti. L. (2004). Ohjaajana opinnäytetöiden prosesseissa: Ryhmäohjauksen käytäntöä ja teoriaa [As a supervisor in a thesis processes: Praxis and theory of group guidance]. Tampere, Finland: University Press.Google Scholar
- OAJ. (2013). Qualifications (in Finnish Kelpoisuudet). Retrieved from http://www.oaj.fi/portal/page?_pageid=515,452376&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
- OECD. (2003). First results from PISA 2003: Executive summary. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/education/preschoolandschool/programmeforinternationalstudentassessmentpisa/34002454.pdf
- OECD. (2005). Equity in education thematic review: Finland country note. Retrieved from www.oecd.org/document/3/0,2340,en_2649_34531_36296195_1_1_1_1,00.html
- OECD. (2006). PISA 2006 science competencies for tomorrow’s world. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/edu/preschoolandschool/programmeforinternationalstudentassessmentpisa/pisa2006results.htm
- OECD. (2010). PISA 2009 results: What students know and can do: Student performance in reading, mathematics and science (Vol. I). Paris: Author.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reinikainen, P. (2012). Amazing PISA results in Finnish comprehensive schools. In H. Niemi, A. Toom, & A. Kallioniemi (Eds.), Miracle of education: The principles and practices of teaching and learning in Finnish schools (pp. 3–18). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar
- Sahlberg, P. (2011). Finnish lessons: What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? New York: Teacher College Press.Google Scholar
- Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (2003). Knowledge building environments: Extending the limits of the possible in education and knowledge work. In A. DiStefano, K. E. Rudestam, & R. Silverman (Eds.), Encyclopedia of distributed learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Schleicher, A. (2007). Can competences assessed by PISA be considered the fundamental school knowledge 15-years-olds should possess? Journal of Educational Change, 8(4), 349–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schön, D. A. (1991). The reflective turn: Case studies in and on educational practice. New York: Teachers Press, Columbia University.Google Scholar
- Simola, H. (2005). The Finnish miracle of PISA: Historical and sociological remarks on teaching and teacher education. Comparative Education, 41(4), 455–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Statistics Finland. (2009). Statistics. Education. Retrieved from http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/kou_en.html
- Toom, A., & Husu, J. (2012). Finnish teachers as ‘makers of the many’: Balancing between broad pedagogical freedom and responsibility. In H. Niemi, A. Toom, & A. Kallioniemi (Eds.), Miracle of education: The principles and practices of teaching and learning in Finnish schools (pp. 39–54). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar
- Välijärvi, J. (2004). The system and how does it work – Some curricular and pedagogical characteristics of the Finnish comprehensive schools. Educational Journal, 31(2), 2003 & 32(1), 2004, 31–55.Google Scholar
- Vitikka, E., Krokfors, L., & Hurmerinta, E. (2012). The Finnish national core curriculum: Structure and development. In H. Niemi, A. Toom, & A. Kallioniemi (Eds.), Miracle of education: The principles and practices of teaching and learning in Finnish schools (pp. 82–96). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar