Abstract
Carbon emissions are one of the important topics in maritime transportation recently since International Maritime Organization (IMO) implemented stricter regulations. IMO announced Initial Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Strategy in 2018 for decarbonization of maritime transportation. International shipping consumed 300 million tons of high carbon content fossil fuels annually and it is increasing year by year. Maritime transportation constitutes 3.1% of the total global CO2 emissions which depends on the usage of high carbon content fossil fuels. The Initial GHG Strategy aims to reach zero-carbon shipping in the future. One way to achieve this aim is the usage of alternative fuels with zero-carbon content. Ammonia is one of the alternative fuels that can be either used for fuel cells on ships and at marine diesel engines. Ammonia has a carbon-free and sulfur-free structure and it can be combusted by the dual-fuel combustion concept at marine diesel engines as same as other alternative marine fuels. In this chapter, a review study is conducted on ammonia to show its importance for decarbonized maritime transportation. The outcomes of the chapter reveal that although there are some barriers to ammonia as a marine fuel, the existing experience of the maritime industry, supply chains and infrastructures of fertilizer industry, low modification requirement on engines, and achievement of significantly lower CO2 and soot emissions, and almost zero SOX emissions will facilitate the use of ammonia, and it can be one of the options for full decarbonized maritime transportation by 2050.
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Abbreviations
- AFC:
-
Alkaline fuel cell
- CCS:
-
Carbon capture and storage
- CI:
-
Compression ignition
- DME:
-
Dimethyl ether
- FC:
-
Fuel cell
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse gas
- H-B:
-
Haber-Bosch
- HCCI:
-
Homogeneous charge compression ignition
- HFO:
-
Heavy fuel oil
- ICE:
-
Internal combustion engine
- IMEP:
-
Indicated mean effective pressure
- IMO:
-
International Maritime Organization
- LBG:
-
Liquefied biogas
- LHV:
-
Lower heating value
- LNG:
-
Liquefied natural gas
- LPG:
-
Liquefied petroleum gas
- LSHFO:
-
Low-sulfur heavy fuel oil
- MBM:
-
Market-based measures
- MCFC:
-
Molten carbonate fuel cell
- MDO:
-
Marine diesel oil
- MGO:
-
Marine gas oil
- OSHA:
-
US Occupation Safety and Health Administration
- PAFC:
-
Phosphoric acid fuel cell
- PEMFC:
-
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
- PPC:
-
Partially premixed combustion
- RCCI:
-
Reactivity controlled compression ignition
- SCR:
-
Selective catalytic reactor
- SFC:
-
Specific fuel consumption
- SOFC:
-
Solid oxide fuel cell
- SOI:
-
Start of injection
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Zincir, B. (2022). Ammonia for Decarbonized Maritime Transportation. In: Di Blasio, G., Agarwal, A.K., Belgiorno, G., Shukla, P.C. (eds) Clean Fuels for Mobility . Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8747-1_9
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