Abstract
Facial expression recognition (FER) provides an effective way to recognize human emotions. Since, the facial expression shows the internal feelings of a person; therefore, it can be used to understand human behavior from image sequences. Wavelets and deep learning have been effectively and extensively used separately in many computer vision applications. Being motivated from wavelets and deep learning, we introduce an integration of convolutional neural network (CNN) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for FER. The proposed FER framework consists of three key modules, namely, face processing, feature representation using DWT and expression recognition using CNN. We have used benchmark CK+ dataset for experiments and evaluated the performance of the proposed method in terms of recognition accuracy. The developed framework has been compared with existing FER methods and shows its effectiveness with an accuracy of 98.73%.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
P. Ekman, Facial expression and emotion. Am. Psychol. 48(4), 384 (1993)
I. Cohen, N. Sebe, A. Garg, L.S. Chen, T.S. Huang, Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 91(1–2), 160–187 (2003)
C. Shan, S. Gong, P.W. McOwan, Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: a comprehensive study. Image Vis. Comput. 27(6), 803–816 (2009)
M. Tang, F. Chen, Facial expression recognition and its application based on curvelet transform and PSO-SVM. Optik 124(22), 5401–5406 (2013)
X. Xu, C. Quan, F. Ren: Facial expression recognition based on gabor wavelet transform and histogram of oriented gradients, in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA) (IEEE, 2015), pp. 2117–2122
B. Zhang, G. Liu, G. Xie: Facial expression recognition using IBP and IPQ based on gabor wavelet transform, in 2016 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC) (IEEE, 2016), pp. 365–369
N. Jain, S. Kumar, A. Kumar, P. Shamsolmoali, M. Zareapoor, Hybrid deep neural networks for face emotion recognition. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 115, 101–106 (2018)
J. Li, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, T. Li, Y. Xia, Q. Yan, L. Xun, Facial expression recognition with faster R-CNN. Proc. Comput. Sci. 107, 135–140 (2017)
M. Liu, S. Li, S. Shan, R. Wang, X. Chen: Deeply learning deformable facial action parts model for dynamic expression analysis, in Asian Conference on Computer Vision (Springer, 2014), pp. 143–157
H. Jung, S. Lee, S. Park, B. Kim, J. Kim, I. Lee, C. Ahn, Development of deep learning-based facial expression recognition system, in 2015 21st Korea-Japan Joint Workshop on Frontiers of Computer Vision (FCV) (IEEE, 2015), pp. 1–4
B. Fasel, J. Luettin, Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey. Pattern Recogn. 36(1), 259–275 (2003)
S. Li, W. Deng, Deep facial expression recognition: a survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.08348 (2018)
G. Sandbach, S. Zafeiriou, M. Pantic, L. Yin, Static and dynamic 3d facial expression recognition: a comprehensive survey. Image Vis. Comput. 30(10), 683–697 (2012)
S.A. Khan, A. Hussain, M. Usman, Reliable facial expression recognition for multi-scale images using weber local binary image based cosine transform features. Multimed. Tools Appl. 77(1), 1133–1165 (2018)
P. Carcagnì, M. Del Coco, M. Leo, C. Distante, Facial expression recognition and histograms of oriented gradients: a comprehensive study. SpringerPlus 4(1), 645 (2015)
X. Wang, C. Jin, W. Liu, M. Hu, L. Xu, F. Ren: Feature fusion of HOG and WLD for facial expression recognition, in Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (IEEE, 2013), pp. 227–232
S. Poria, E. Cambria, R. Bajpai, A. Hussain, A review of affective computing: From unimodal analysis to multimodal fusion. Inf. Fusion 37, 98–125 (2017)
X. Zhao, S. Zhang, A review on facial expression recognition: feature extraction and classification. IETE Tech. Rev. 33(5), 505–517 (2016)
Y. Tian, T. Kanade, J.F. Cohn, Facial expression recognition, in Handbook of Face Recognition (Springer, 2011), pp. 487–519
E. Friesen, P. Ekman, Facial action coding system: a technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto 3, (1978)
M.Z. Uddin, J. Lee, T.S. Kim, An enhanced independent component-based human facial expression recognition from video. IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 55(4), 2216–2224 (2009)
L. Franco, A. Treves, A neural network facial expression recognition system using unsupervised local processing, in ISPA 2001. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis. In Conjunction with 23rd International Conference on Information Technology Interfaces (IEEE Cat.) (IEEE, 2001), pp. 628–632
Z. Zhang, M. Lyons, M. Schuster, S. Akamatsu, Comparison between geometry-based and gabor-wavelets-based facial expression recognition using multi-layer perceptron, in Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition (IEEE, 1998), pp. 454–459
S. Dongcheng, J. Jieqing: The method of facial expression recognition based on DWT-PCA/IDA, in 2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, vol. 4 (IEEE, 2010), pp. 1970–1974
B.K. Kim, J. Roh, S.Y. Dong, S.Y. Lee, Hierarchical committee of deep convolutional neural networks for robust facial expression recognition. J. Multimodal User Interfaces 10(2), 173–189 (2016)
H. Li, J. Sun, Z. Xu, L. Chen, Multimodal 2d+3d facial expression recognition with deep fusion convolutional neural network. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 19(12), 2816–2831 (2017)
P.S. Addison, The Illustrated Wavelet Transform Handbook: Introductory Theory and Applications in Science, Engineering, Medicine and Finance (CRC Press, 2017)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sharma, P., Singh, R. (2022). An Approach Toward Deep Learning-Based Facial Expression Recognition in Wavelet Domain. In: Reddy, V.S., Prasad, V.K., Wang, J., Reddy, K.T.V. (eds) Soft Computing and Signal Processing. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1340. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1249-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1249-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-1248-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-1249-7
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)