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Optogenetics pp 345-358 | Cite as

Nonhuman Primate Optogenetics: Current Status and Future Prospects

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Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (AEMB, volume 1293)

Abstract

Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have widely and crucially been utilized as model animals for understanding various higher brain functions and neurological disorders since their behavioral actions mimic both normal and disease states in humans. To know about how such behaviors emerge from the functions and dysfunctions of complex neural networks, it is essential to define the role of a particular pathway or neuron-type constituting these networks. Optogenetics is a potential technique that enables analyses of network functions. However, because of the large size of the NHP brain and the difficulty in creating genetically modified animal models, this technique is currently still hard to apply effectively and efficiently to NHP neuroscience. In this article, we focus on the issues that should be overcome for the development of NHP optogenetics, with special reference to the gene introduction strategy. We review the recent breakthroughs that have been made in NHP optogenetics to address these issues and discuss future prospects regarding more effective and efficient approaches to successful optogenetic manipulation in NHPs.

Keywords

Nonhuman primates Optogenetics Behavioral manipulation Viral vectors Cell type-specific manipulation Pathway-selective manipulation 

Abbreviations

AAV

Adeno-associated virus

BBB

Blood–brain barrier

BSL

Biosafety level

CED

Convention-enhanced delivery

ChR2

Channelrhodopsin 2

CT

Computed tomography

DREADD

Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs

FEF

Frontal eye field

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

NHP

Nonhuman primate

PET

Positron emission tomography

V1

Primary visual cortex

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Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by MEXT/JSPS (15H05879 and 19H03335 to K.I.), by JST (JPMJPR1683 to K.I. and JPMJCR1853 to M.T.), and by AMED (JP18dm0307021 to K.I. and JP19dm0207077 to M.T.).

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Copyright information

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research InstituteKyoto UniversityInuyamaJapan
  2. 2.PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology AgencyKawaguchiJapan
  3. 3.Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
  4. 4.Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
  5. 5.Transborder Medical Research CenterUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan

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