Abstract
Electrochemical-based approaches have gained much attention as sustainable, eco-friendly and cleaner methods of treatment technologies as they are less sludge producing. The presence of excess fluoride in drinking water supplies is responsible for dental, skeleton and other forms of fluorosis. Among various defluoridation techniques available, electrocoagulation (EC) process was experimentally applied and optimized aiming higher removal efficiency along with minimum energy consumption. Electrocoagulation process was employed at batch scale using both aluminium and iron electrodes, and a comparative assessment was carried out. The effects of initial pH (4–10), applied current (0.2–1.0 A), initial F− concentration (5–20 ppm) and reaction time (5–30 min) were explored. The EC reactor was optimized for initial F− concentration of 20 ppm, applied current of 0.5 A, pH 6 and reaction time of 20 min using aluminium electrodes giving 97.6% removal efficiency and energy consumption of 0.0195 W hour per gm of fluoride. Operational cost was also analysed, and it was found that among the two, aluminium electrodes outclassed iron electrodes in terms of higher removal efficiency proving cost effective as well.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Khan SU, Zaidi R, Hassan SZ, Farooqi IH, Azam A (2016) Application of Fe–Cu binary oxide nanoparticles for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. Water Sci Technol 741(1):165–175
Nayak B et al (2009) Health effects of groundwater fluoride contamination. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 47(4):292–295
World Health Organization (2006) Fluoride in drinking water
Khan SU, Noor A, Farooqi IH (2015) GIS application for groundwater management and quality mapping in rural areas of District Agra. India. Int J Water Res Arid Env 4(1):89–96
Kumar E, Bhatnagar A, Ji M, Jung W, Lee SH, Kim SJ, Lee G, Song H, Choi JY, Yang JS, Jeon BH (2009) Defluoridation from aqueous solutions by granular ferric hydroxide (GFH). Water Res 43:490–498
Hu CY, Lo SL, Kuan WH, Lee YD (2005) Removal of fluoride from semiconductor wastewater by electrocoagulation–flotation. Water Res 39:895
Mameri N, Yeddou AR, Lounici H, Belhocine D, Grib H, Bariou B (1998) Defluoridation of septentrional Sahara water of north Africa by electrocoagulation process using bipolar aluminium electrodes. Water Res 32:1604–1612
Viswanathan G, Jaswanth A, Gopalakrishnan S, Sivailango S, Aditya G (2009) Determining the optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water for fluoride endemic regions in South India. Sci Total Environ 407(20):5298
Brouwer ID, De Bruin A, Dirks OB, Hautvast JGAJ (1988) Unsuitability of World Health Organisation guidelines for fluoride concentrations in drinking water in Senegal. Lancet 331:223–225
Tor A (2007) Removal of fluoride from water using anion-exchange membrane under Donnan dialysis condition. J Hazard Mater 141:814–818
Wu X, Zhang Y, Dou X, Yang M (2007) Fluoride removal performance of a novel Fe–Al–Ce trimetal oxide adsorbent. Chemosphere 69:1758–1764
Zuo Q, Chen X, Li W, Chen G (2008) Combined electrocoagulation and electroflotation for removal of fluoride from drinking water. J Hazard Mater 159:452–457
Adhoum N, Monser L, Bellakhal N, Belgaied JE (2004) Treatment of electroplating wastewater containing Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cr(VI) by electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 112:207–213
Mollah MYA, Morkovsky P, Gomes JAG, Kesmez M, Parga J, Cocke DL (2004) Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 114:199–210
Balla W, Essdki AH, Geourich B, Dassaa A, Chenik H, Azzi M (2010) Electrocoagulation/electro-flotation of reactive, disperse and mixture dyes in an external-loop airlift reactor. J Hazard Mater 184:710–716
Drouiche N, Ghaffour N, Lounici H, Mameri M (2007) Electrocoagulation of chemical mechanical polishing wastewater. Desalination 214:31–37
Feng J, Sun Y, Zheng Z, Zhang J, Li S, Tian Y (2007) Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation. J Environ Sci 19:1409–1415
Khan SU, Islam DT, Farooqi IH, Ayub S, Basheer F (2019) Hexavalent chromium removal in an electrocoagulation column reactor: process optimisation using CCD, adsorption kinetics and pH modulated sludge formation. Proc Saf Env Prot 122:118–130
Khansorthong S, Hunsom M (2009) Remediation of wastewater from pulp and paper mill industry by the electrochemical technique. Chem Eng J 151:228–234
Shen F, Chen X, Gao P, Chen G (2003) Electrochemical removal of fluoride ions from industrial wastewater. Chem Eng Sci 58:987–993
Hu CY, Lo SL, Kuan WH (2005) Effects of the molar ratio of hydroxide and fluoride to Al(III) on fluoride removal by coagulation and electrocoagulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 283:472–476
Martínez-Miranda V, García-Sánchez JJ, Solache-Ríos M (2011) Fluoride ions behavior in the presence of corrosion products of iron: effects of other anions. Sep Sci Technol 46:1443–1449
Bazrafshan E, Ownagh K, Mahvi AH (2012) Application of electrocoagulation process using Iron and Aluminum electrodes for fluoride removal from aqueous environment. E-J Chem 9(4):2297–2308
Malakootian M, Yousefi N (2009) Efficiency of electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes in removal of hardness from water. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 6(2):131–136
Aoudj S, Khelifa A, Drouiche N, Belkada R, Miroud D (2015) Simultaneous removal of chromium (VI) and fluoride by electrocoagulation- electroflotation: application of a hybrid Fe–Al anode. Chem Eng J. 267:153–162
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Khan, S.U., Asif, M., Alam, F., Khan, N.A., Farooqi, I.H. (2020). Optimizing Fluoride Removal and Energy Consumption in a Batch Reactor Using Electrocoagulation: A Smart Treatment Technology. In: Ahmed, S., Abbas, S., Zia, H. (eds) Smart Cities—Opportunities and Challenges. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 58. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2545-2_62
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2545-2_62
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-2544-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-2545-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)