Advertisement

Retinoblastoma: A Journey of 60 Years

  • Claire Hartnett
  • M. Ashwin ReddyEmail author
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Over the last 60 years, the management of retinoblastoma has been revolutionized with the advent of novel therapeutic modalities and a multi-disciplinary approach to children. Greater rates of eye salvage with reduced mortality have and are being achieved. There is now a shift towards rehabilitating vision and improving care throughout the world, not just high resource countries.

Keywords

Retinoblastoma Radiation Chemotherapy Vision Mortality Enucleation Genetics Lag time 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Seregard S, Lundell G, Svedberg H, Kivela T. Incidence of retinoblastoma from 1958 to 1998 in northern Europe: advantages of birth cohort analysis. Ophthalmology. 2004;11:1228–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Kivela T. The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:1129–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD. Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:21–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Ochicha O, et al. Pediatric malignancies in Kano, Northern Nigeria. World J Pediatr. 2012;8(3):215–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Waddell KM, et al. Improving survival of retinoblastoma in Uganada. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99:937–42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Owoeye JF, et al. Retinoblastoma—a clinic-pathological study in Ilorin, Nigeria. Afr J Health Sci. 2006;13(1–2):117–23.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Barr RD. “Delays” in diagnosis: a misleading concept, yet providing opportunities for advancing clinical care. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2014;36(3):169–72.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Ribeiro KC, Antoneli CB. Trends in eye cancer mortality among children in Brazil, 1980-2002. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48:296–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Posner, et al. Lag time for retinoblastoma in the UK revisited: a retrospective analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e015625.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015625.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Goddard AG, Kingston JE, Hungerford JL. Delay in diagnosis of retinoblastoma: risk factors and treatment outcome. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83:1320–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Butros LJ, et al. Delayed diagnosis of retinoblastoma: analysis of degree, cause and potential consequences. Pediatrics. 2002;109:E45.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Khan AO, Al-Mesfer S. Lack of efficacy of dilated screening for retinoblastoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2005;42:205–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Kaliki S, Srinivasan V, Gupta A, et al. Clinical feature predictive of high-risk retinoblastoma in 403 Asian Indian patients: a case-control study. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1165–72.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Abramson DH, et al. Intra-arterial chemotherapy (ophthalmic artery chemosurgery) for Group D retinoblastoma. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146582.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Honavar SG, Singh AD. Management of advanced retinoblastoma. Ophthalmol Clin N Am. 2005;18:65–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Plowman PN, Pizer B, Kingston JE. Pineal parenchymal tumours: II. On the aggressive behavior of pinealoblastoma in patients with an inherited mutation of the RB1 gene. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2004;16(4):244–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Bedford MA, Bedotto C, MacFaul PA. Retinoblastoma. A study of 139 cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 1971;55:19–27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Albert DM. Historic review of retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:654–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Abramson DH. Retinoblastoma in the 20th century: past success and future challenges. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:2684–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Kupfer C. Retinoblastoma treated with intravenous nitrogen mustard. Am J Ophthalmol. 1953;36:1721–3.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Forrest AW. Tumours following radiation about the eye. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1961;65:694–717.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Abramson DH, Ellsworth RM, Zimmerman LE. Non-ocular cancer in retinoblastoma survivors. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1976;81:454–7.Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Wong FL, Boice JD, Abramson DH, et al. Cancer incidence after retinoblastoma radiation dose and sarcoma risk. JAMA. 1997;278:1262–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    MacCarthy A, et al. Second and subsequent tumours among 1927 retinoblastoma patients diagnosed in Britain 1951-2004. Br J Cancer. 2013;108:2455–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Fletcher O, et al. Lifetime risks of common cancers among retinoblastoma survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:357–63.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Abramson DH, Frank CM. Second non-ocular tumors in survivors of bilateral retinoblastoma: a possible age effect on radiation-related risk. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:573–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Murphree AL. Intraocular retinoblastoma: the case for a new group classification. Ophthalmol Clin N Am. 2005;18:41–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Shields CL, et al. The international classification of retinoblastoma predicts chemoreduction success. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:2276–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Just diagnosed: staging. Children’s Oncology Group Website. 2011. https://www.childrensoncologygroup.org/index.php/newlydiagnosedwithretinoblastoma.
  30. 30.
    Scelfo C, et al. An international survey of classification and treatment choices for Group D retinoblastoma. Int J Ophthalmol. 2017;10(6):961–7.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Finger PT, et al. AJCC cancer staging manual. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 561–8.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Mallipatna AC, Gallie BL, Che’vez-Barrios P, et al. Retinoblastoma. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene F, et al., editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2017. p. 819–31.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Knudson AG. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1971;68:820–3.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Price EA, Price K, Kolkiewicz K, et al. Spectrum of RB1 mutations identified in 403 retinoblastoma petients. J Med Genet. 2014;51:208–14.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Munier FL, Balmer A, Van Melle G, Gailloud C. Radial asymmetry in the topography of retinoblastoma. Clues to the cell of origin. Ophthalmic Genet. 1994;15:101–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    De Potter P, Shields CL, Shields JA, et al. Use of the hydroxyapatite ocular implant in the pediatric population. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:208–12.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Kaste SC, Chang G, Fontanesi J, et al. Orbital development in the long-term survivors of retinoblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1183–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Yadava U, Sachdeva P, Arora V. Myoconjunctival enucleation for enhanced implant motility. Result of a randomized prospective study. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2004;52:221–6.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Shome D, Honavar SG, Raizada K, Raizada D. Implant and prosthesis movement after enucleation: a randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:1638–44.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Ferris FL 3rd, Chew EY. A new era for the treatment of retinoblastoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:1412.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Kingston JE, Hungerford JL, Madreperla JA, Plowman PN. Results of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced intraocular retinoblastoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114(11):1339–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Fabian ID, et al. Focal laser treatment in addition to chemotherapy for retinoblastoma. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2017;6:CD012366.Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Gallie BL, et al. Chemotherapy with focal therapy can cure intraocular retinoblastoma without radiotherapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:1321–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Gombos DS, Kelly A, Coen PG, Kingston JE, Hungerford JL. Retinoblastoma treated with primary chemotherapy alone: the significance of tumour size, location and age. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:80–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Lee V, et al. Globe conserving treatment of the only eye in bilateral retinoblastoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1374–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Chaudhry S, Onadin Z, Sagoo MS, Reddy MA. The recognition of cavitary retinoblastoma tumours: Implications for management and genetic analysis. Retina. 2018;38:782–7.  https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001597.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Muen WJ, et al. Efficacy and complications of super-selective intra-ophthalmic artery melphalan for the treatment of refractory retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(3):611–6.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Berry JL, et al. Long-term outcomes of Group D eyes in bilateral retinoblastoma patients treated with chemoreduction and low-dose IMRT salvage. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60:688–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Gobin YP, Dunkel IJ, Marr BP, Brodie SE, Abramson DH. Intra-arterial chemotherapy for the management of retinoblastoma: four-year experience. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:732–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Susuki S, Yamane T, Mohri M, Kaneko A. Selective ophthalmic arterial injection therapy for intraocular retinoblastoma: the long-term prognosis. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:2081–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Yousef YA, Soliman SE, Astudillo PP, et al. Intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: a systemic review. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134:584–91.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.0244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Manjandavida FP, Honavar SG, Reddy VA, Khanna R. Management and outcome of retinoblastoma with vitreous seeds. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:517–24.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Munier FL, et al. Intravitreal chemotherapy for vitreous disease in retinoblastoma revisited: from prohibition to conditional indications. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:1078–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Shields CL, et al. Intravitreal melphalan for persistent or recurrent retinoblastoma vitreous seeds: preliminary results. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132:319–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Francis JH, et al. The classification of vitreous seeds in retinoblastoma and response to intravitreal melphalan. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1173–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Munier FL. Classification and management of seeds in retinoblastoma. Ellsworth Lecture Ghent August 24th 2013. Ophthalmic Genet. 2014;35:193–207.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Smith SJ, Smith BD. Evaluating the risk of extraocular tumour spread following intravitreal injection therapy for retinoblastoma: a systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(10):1231–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Rao R, Honavar SG, Sharma V, Reddy VA. Intravitreal toptecan in the management of refractory and recurrent vitreous seeds in retinoblastoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;102:490–5.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310641.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Fabian ID, et al. Primary intravenous chemotherapy for Group D retinoblastoma: a 13 year retrospective analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101:82–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Fabian ID, et al. Primary Enucleation for Group D retinoblastoma in the era of systemic and targeted chemotherapy: the price of retaining and eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;0:1–5.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Loepke AW, Soriano SG. An assessment of the effects of general anesthetics on developing brain structure and neurocognitive function. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1681–707.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Honavar SG, Singh AD, Shields CL, et al. Postenucleation adjuvant therapy in high-risk retinoblastoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(7):923–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Fabian ID, et al. High-risk histopathology features in primary and secondary enucleated international intraocular retinoblastoma classification Group D eyes. Ophthalmology. 2017;124:851–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Abramson DH, Daniels AB, Marr BP, Francis JH, Brodie SE, Dunkel IJ, et al. Intra-arterial chemotherapy (ophthalmic artery chemosurgery) for Group D retinoblastoma. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146582.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Narang, et al. Predictors of long-term visual outcome after chemoreduction for management of intraocular retinoblastoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012;40(7):736–42.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Hall LS, Ceisler E, Abramson DH. Visual outcomes in children with bilateral retinoblastoma. J AAPOS. 1999;3(3):138–42.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Dale N, et al. Developmental outcome, including setback, in young children with severe visual impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44(9):613–22.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Fabian ID, et al. Long-term visual acuity, strabismus and nystagmus outcomes following multimodality treatment in Group D retinoblastoma eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;179:137–44.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Tsimpida M, et al. Visual outcomes following intra-ophthalmic artery melphalan for patients with refractory retinoblastoma and age appropriate vision. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97:1464–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Reddy MA, et al. Reduction of severe visual loss and complications following intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) for refractory retinoblastoma. BJO. 2017;101(12):1704–8.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Hamama-Raz Y, Rot I, Buchbinder E. The coping experience of parents of a child with retinoblastoma- malignant eye cancer. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2012;30(1):21–40.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.The Judith Kingston Retinoblastoma ServiceRoyal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
  2. 2.Department of OphthalmologyUniversity Hospital LimerickLimerickIreland
  3. 3.National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options