Physiology of Emotion
Abstract
Emotion is a physiological experience with behavioral expression of feelings in response to any sensory information. The behavioral changes include musculoskeletal, autonomic, and endocrine responses. Emotion is an intriguing aspect of human physiology that has been studied from various viewpoints of philosophy, sociology, psychology, evolutionary biology, etc. Physiologically, activation of specific structures and areas in the brain has been associated with generation of discrete or generalized emotions. Emotions provide motivation, and drive for action as well as aid in decision making. Therefore regulation of emotion results in rational decision making and help improve relationship with self, society, and environment. Psychosomatic and lifestyle noncommunicable disorders are largely result of unregulated emotional behavior over a long period of time.
Keywords
Emotion Dimension Behavior Health Regulation Psychosomatic disorderReferences
- 1.Albano C (2008) The puzzle of human emotions: some historical considerations from the 17th to the 19th centuries [Internet]. Dev Med Child Neurol 50:494–497. [cited 2019 Mar 5]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Bennett M, Hacker P (2005) Emotion and cortical-subcortical function: conceptual developments. Prog Neurobiol [Internet] 75(1):29–52. 2005 Jan 1 [cited 2019 Mar 24]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Trofimova I (2018) Functionality versus dimensionality in psychological taxonomies, and a puzzle of emotional valence [Internet]. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 373: 20170167 [cited 2019 Mar 24]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Trnka R, Balcar K, Kuška M (2011) How many dimensions does emotional experience have? The theory of multi-dimensional emotional experience. … Spaces From Exp to … [Internet] 33–40. 2011 [cited 2019 Mar 24]Google Scholar
- 5.Barrett LF, Mesquita B, Ochsner KN, Gross JJ (2006) The experience of emotion. Annul Rev Psychol [Internet] 58(1):373–403. 2006 Jan [cited 2019 Mar 5]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.William J (2007) What is an emotion? Mind [Internet] os-IX(34):188–205. 2007 Apr 1 [cited 2019 Mar 21]Google Scholar
- 7.Cannon WB (2006) The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory. Am J Psychol [Internet] 39(1/4):106. 2006 Dec [cited 2019 Mar 21]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Dalgleish T (2004) The emotional brain. Nat Rev Neurosci [Internet] 5(7):583–9. 2004 [cited 2019 Mar 5]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Roxo MR, Franceschini PR, Zubaran C, Kleber FD, Sander JW (2011) The limbic system conception and its historical evolution. Sci World J [Internet] 11:2427–2440. [cited 2019 Mar 21]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Lindquist KA, Wager TD, Kober H, Bliss-Moreau E, Barrett LF, Feldman Barrett L (2012) The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review. Behav. Brain Sci [Internet] 35(03):121–143. 2012 Jun 23 [cited 2019 Mar 5]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Sheridan MA, McLaughlin KA (2014) Dimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat [Internet]. Trends Cogn Sci 18:580–585. 2014 [cited 2019 Mar 24]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Critchley HD, Garfinkel SN (2017) Interoception and Emotion. Curr Opin Psychol [Internet] 17:7–14. 2017 Oct 1 [cited 2019 Mar 24]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Coombes SA, Janelle CM, Duley AR (2005) Emotion and motor control : affective picture processing. J Mot Behav [Internet] 37(6):425–436. [cited 2019 Mar 5]Google Scholar
- 14.Bliss-Moreau E, Toscano JE, Bauman MD, Mason WA, Amaral DG (2010) Neonatal amygdala or hippocampus lesions influence responsiveness to objects. Dev Psychobiol [Internet] 52(5):487–503. 2010 Apr 21 [cited 2019 Mar 5]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Regev L, Baram TZ (2014) Corticotropin-releasing factor in neuroplasticity [Internet]. Front Neuroendocrinol 35:171–916. 2014 [cited 2019 Mar 25]Google Scholar
- 16.Adolphs R, Tranel D, Damasio H, Damasio A (1994) Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. Nature [Internet] 372(6507):669–72. 1994 Dec [cited 2019 Mar 5]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Davis M (2002) The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu Rev Neurosci [Internet] 15(1):353–375. 2002 Mar 28 [cited 2019 Mar 5]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Neugebauer V (2015) Amygdala pain mechanisms. Handb Exp Pharmacol [Internet] 227:261–84. 2015 [cited 2019 Mar 25]Google Scholar
- 19.Yang L, Comninos AN, Dhillo WS (2018) Intrinsic links among sex, emotion, and reproduction [Internet]. Cell Mol Life Sci 75: 2197–210. 2018 [cited 2019 Mar 25]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-018-2802-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Schulte MHJ, Kaag AM, Wiers RW, Schmaal L, van den Brink W, Reneman L, et al (2017) Prefrontal Glx and GABA concentrations and impulsivity in cigarette smokers and smoking polysubstance users. Drug Alcohol Depend [Internet] 179:117–23. 2017 [cited 2019 Mar 26]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Yuen EY, Wei J, Yan Z (2017) Molecular and epigenetic mechanisms for the complex effects of stress on synaptic physiology and cognitive functions. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol [Internet] 20(11):948–55. 2017 [cited 2019 Mar 25]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Schmidt PJ, Abate AC, Schiller CE, Rubinow DR, Johnson SL (2016) Reproductive steroid regulation of mood and behavior. Compr Physiol [Internet] 6:1135–60. 2016 [cited 2019 Mar 25]Google Scholar
- 23.Bachner-Melman R, Ebstein RP (2014) The role of oxytocin and vasopressin in emotional and social behaviours. Handb Clin Neurol [Internet] 124:53–68. 2014 Jan 1 [cited 2019 Mar 26]Google Scholar
- 24.Stein JL, Hakimi S, Zink CF, Kempf L, Meyer-Lindenberg A (2010) Vasopressin modulates medial prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuitry during emotion processing in humans. J Neurosci [Internet] 30(20):7017–22. 2010 [cited 2019 Mar 26]Google Scholar
- 25.Carter CS, Grippo AJ, Pournajafi-Nazarloo H, Ruscio MG, Porges SW (2008) Oxytocin, vasopressin and sociality. Prog Brain Res [Internet] 170:331–336. 2008 Jan 1 [cited 2019 Mar 26]Google Scholar
- 26.Hashemian F, Shafigh F, Roohi E (2016) Regulatory role of prolactin in paternal behaviour in male parents: a narrative review. J Postgrad Med [Internet] 62(3):182. 2016 [cited 2019 Mar 25]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.Bob P, Fedor-Freybergh P (2008) Melatonin, consciousness, and traumatic stress [Internet]. J Pineal Res 44:341–347. 2008 [cited 2019 Mar 29]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Brown-Grant K, Harris GW, Reichlin S (1954) The effect of emotional and physical stress on thyroid activity in the Rabbit [Internet]. J Physiol 26. 1954 [cited 2019 Mar 29].Google Scholar
- 29.Hage MP, Azar ST (2012) The link between thyroid function and depression [Internet]. J Thyroid Res 2012. Hindawi Publishing Corporation; 2012 [cited 2019 Mar 29]Google Scholar
- 30.Lebow MA, Chen A (2016) Overshadowed by the amygdala: the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis emerges as key to psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry [Internet] 21(4):450–63. 2016 Apr [cited 2019 Mar 27]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.Heany SJ, van Honk J, Stein DJ, Brooks SJ (2015) A quantitative and qualitative review of the effects of testosterone on the function and structure of the human social-emotional brain. Metab Brain Dis [Internet] 31(1):157–67. 2015 [cited 2019 Mar 25]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.Fayyaz M, Anjum S, Samoo Z, Anjum I, Jeffery SS (2018) The role of vitamin D in brain health: a mini literature review. Cureus [Internet] 10(7). 2018 [cited 2019 Mar 27]Google Scholar
- 33.Penckofer S, Kouba J, Byrn M, Estwing Ferrans C, Ferrans CE (2010) Vitamin D and depression: where is all the sunshine? Issues Ment Health Nurs [Internet] 31(6):385–93. 2010 [cited 2019 Mar 26]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.Takahashi A (2016) Enkephalin. In: Handbook of hormones [Internet]. Academic, p 55-7A-2; 2016 [cited 2019 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128010280001173
- 35.Howlett TA, Rees LH (2003) Endogenous opioid peptides and hypothalamo-Pituitary function. Annu Rev Physiol [Internet] 48(1):527–36. 2003 Nov 28 [cited 2019 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ph.48.030186.002523CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Grossman A (1983) Brain opiates and neuroendocrine function. Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet] 12(3):725–46. 1983 Nov [cited 2019 Mar 27]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.Roberto M, Spierling SR, Kirson D, Zorrilla EP (2017) Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and addictive behaviors. Int Rev Neurobiol [Internet] 136:5–51. 2017 [cited 2019 Mar 25]Google Scholar
- 38.Berna G, Ott L, Nandrino J-L (2014) Effects of emotion regulation difficulties on the tonic and phasic cardiac autonomic response. PLoS One [Internet] 9(7):1–10. 2014 [cited 2019 Mar 5]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.Goshvarpour A, Abbasi A, Goshvarpour A (2017) An accurate emotion recognition system using ECG and GSR signals and matching pursuit method. Biomed J [Internet] 40(6):355–68. 2017 [cited 2019 Mar 5]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.Bijlani R (2011) Medical physiology. In: Understanding medical physiology, 4th edn. Jaypee Publishers, New DelhiCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.Nummenmaa L, Glerean E, Hari R, Hietanen JK (2013) Bodily maps of emotions. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet] 111(2):646–651. 2013 [cited 2019 Mar 30]CrossRefGoogle Scholar