Abstract
There is a growing consensus among health experts all over the world that the particles in nano- and ultrafine range (<100 nm diameter) are having significant vulnerable effect on the human health regarding carcinogenicity and cardiovascular diseases. Worldwide experimental study on the vehicles with advanced technology, both gasoline and diesel, shows reduction in PM mass but increased particle number mainly in the ultrafine range known as the ultrafine particles (UFPs). Hence, characterization of particulates in terms of their size distribution and number is of great importance for the vehicles operating on different fuels and a wide range of technology spectrum. New emission regulations, Euro V and Euro VI implemented in Europe, which are likely to get harmonized in India, will cover only diesel and gasoline direct injection engines. UFPs are emitted from almost every fuel combustion process, including diesel, gasoline, and jet engines, as well as external combustion processes such as burning of woods, coal, and other natural phenomena like forest fires. Consequently, there is growing concern that people living in close proximity to highly trafficked roadways and other sources of combustion-related pollutants (airports and rail yards) may be exposed to significant levels of UFPs and other air toxics. This chapter covers the UFPs process of formation, physiochemical characteristics, the fate of transportation, and health impact. The last section of this chapter highlights mainly about the needs of the future research on UFPs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Review DL Health Impacts of Ultrafine Particles.
- 2.
Integrated Review Plan for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter.
- 3.
Coast S, Quality A, District M Chapter 2 Air Quality and Health Effects.
- 4.
Commercial M Euro vi.
- 5.
Coast S, Quality A, District M Chapter 9 Near Roadway Exposure and Ultrafine Particles.
- 6.
Overview E, Health ON, Of I (1999) 5. health impacts of ultrafine particles 5.1 g. 42–187.
References
Act CA (2002) Clean Air Act 2.1
Ahmed S (2017) PDX scholar modeling of ultrafine particle emissions and ambient levels for the near roadside environment
Air Quality Science (2011) Ultrafine particles: why all the concern about something so small?
Allen AG, Grenfell JL, Harrison RM et al (1999) Nanoparticle formation in marine airmasses: Contrasting behaviour of the open ocean and coastal environments. Atmos Res 51:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(98)00111-2
Amaral SS, de Carvalho JA, Costa MAM, Pinheiro C (2015) An overview of particulate matter measurement instruments. Atmosphere (Basel) 6:1327–1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6091327
Andersson J, Martini G, Mayer A (2015) History and future of particle number legislation in Europe. In: 19th ETH conference on combustion generated nanoparticles, pp 1–24
Anjilvel S, Asgharian B (1995) A multiple-path model of particle deposition in the rat lung. Fundam Appl Toxicol 28:41–50. https://doi.org/10.1006/FAAT.1995.1144
Baldauf RW, Devlin RB, Gehr P et al (2016) Ultrafine particle metrics and research considerations : review of the 2015 UFP workshop, pp 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111054
Bennat C, Müller-Goymann CC (2000) Skin penetration and stabilization of formulations containing microfine titanium dioxide as physical UV filter. Int J Cosmet Sci 22:271–283. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00009.x
Bhatia N (2017) How the upcoming BS-VI grade fuel could affect you. Retrieved from https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/how-the-upcoming-bs-vi-grade-fuel-could-affect-you-406616
Boyes WK, Chen R, Chen C, Yokel RA (2012) The neurotoxic potential of engineered nanomaterials. Neurotoxicology 33:902–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.013
Brimblecombe P, Sturges K, Maxwell R (2009) History of atmospheric environment. Atmos Environ 43:2–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.065
Cassee F, Muijser H, Duistermaat E et al (2002) Particle size-dependent total mass deposition in lungs determines inhalation toxicity of cadmium chloride aerosols in rats. Application of a multiple path dosimetry model. Arch Toxicol 76:277–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-002-0344-8
Chen R, Hu B, Liu Y, et al (2016) Beyond PM2.5: the role of ultrafine particles on adverse health effects of air pollution. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.019
Coburn TC (2000) Statistical analysis of on-road particulate matter emissions from diesel vehicles. Inhal Toxicol 12:23–33
Cyrys J, Stölzel M, Heinrich J et al (2003) Elemental composition and sources of fine and ultrafine ambient particles in Erfurt, Germany. Sci Total Environ 305:143–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00494-1
Damanik N, Ong HC, Tong CW, Mahlia TM, Silitonga AS (2018) A review on the engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of diesel engines fueled with biodiesel blends. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2098-8
Dawson KA, Salvati A, Lynch I (2009) Nanoparticles reconstruct lipids. Nat Nanotechnol 4:84–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.426
Dey S, Di L, Van Donkelaar A et al (2012) Remote sensing of environment variability of outdoor fine particulate (PM2.5) concentration in the Indian Subcontinent: a remote sensing approach. Remote Sens Environ 127:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.021
Duffy BL, Nelson PF (1997) Exposure to emissions of 1,3-butadiene and benzene in the cabins of moving motor vehicles and buses in Sydney, Australia. Atmos Environ 31:3877–3885
Eastwood P (2008) Particulate emissions from vehicles. Wiley, New York
ECMA. Emission norms for two and three wheelers. Retrieved from http://www.ecmaindia.in/iestandards.aspx?mpgid=24&pgid1=25&pgidtrail=58#faq5
Fierz M, Houle C, Steigmeier P, Burtscher H (2011) Design, calibration, and field performance of a miniature diffusion size classifier. Aerosol Sci Technol 45:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.516283
Fischer HJ, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Weiss RE (2017) Functional time series models for ultrafine particle distributions. Ann Appl Stat 11:297–319. https://doi.org/10.1214/16-AOAS1004
Gamma Technologies (2018) Carbon canister and evaporative emission control system modeling. https://www.gtisoft.com/gamma_news/carbon-canister-and-evaporative-emission-control-system-modeling/. Accessed 8 Sep 2018
Giechaskiel B, Maricq M, Ntziachristos L et al (2014) Review of motor vehicle particulate emissions sampling and measurement: from smoke and filter mass to particle number. J Aerosol Sci 67:48–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAEROSCI.2013.09.003
Glen R. Cass, Lara A. Hughes, Prakash Bhave, Michael J. Kleeman, Jonathan O. Allen and Lynn G (Oct. 15, 2000) Salmon Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Ultrafine Particles in the Atmosphere 358(1775):2581–2592
Hämeri K, Hussein T, Kulmala M, Aalto P (2004) Measurements of fine and ultrafine particles in Helsinki: connection between outdoor and indoor air quality. Boreal Environ Res 9:459–467
Harrison RM, Maynard D, Maynard RL (1998) UTM the Royal 8 3 M Society
Hester RE, Harrison RM, Querol X (2016) Front matter. In: Airborne particulate matter sources, atmospheric process and health, pp 1–34
Hinds WC (1999) Aerosol technology : properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles. Wiley, London
Hinds W, Macher J, First M (1982) Size distributions of test aerosols produced from materials other than DOP. Am Ind Hygiene Assoc J 25:20–28
Honey HF, McQuitty JB (1976), Dust in the animal environment. Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Alberta
Hosseini S, Li Q, Cocker D et al (2010) Particle size distributions from laboratory-scale biomass fires using fast response instruments. Atmos Chem Phys 10:8065–8076. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8065-2010
Hussein T, Puustinen A, Aalto PP et al (2004) Urban aerosol number size distributions. Atmos Chem Phys 4:391–411
ICCT (2015) DPFs are estimated to reduce PM mass emission by >90% and PN emissions by >99% relative to an uncontrolled diesel engine. Accelerating progress from Euro 4/IV to Euro 6/VI vehicle emission standards
Iijima S (1985) Electron microscopy of small particles. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 34:249–265
India Today (2016) All you need to know about India’s BS-IV and BS-VI emission norms. Retrieved from https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/gadkari-plans-to-skip-bsv-and-head-straight-to-bsvi-302434-2016-01-06
International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) (2016) India Bharat Stage VI Emission Standards. Retrieved from https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/India%20BS%20VI%20Policy%20Update%20vF.pdf
Jayaratne ER, He C, Ristovski ZD et al (2008) A comparative investigation of ultrafine particle number and mass emissions from a fleet of on-road diesel and CNG buses. Environ Sci Technol 42:6736–6742. https://doi.org/10.1021/es800394x
Jiang X, Miclăuş T, Wang L et al (2015) Fast intracellular dissolution and persistent cellular uptake of silver nanoparticles in CHO-K1 cells: implication for cytotoxicity. Nanotoxicology 9:181–189. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2014.907457
Johnson TJ, Symonds JPR, Olfert JS (2013) Mass-mobility measurements using a centrifugal particle mass analyzer and differential mobility spectrometer. Aerosol Sci Technol 47:1215–1225. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2013.830692
Junker C, Jennings SG, Kleefeld S et al (2000) PM10 concentration measurements in two urban centres and at two remote sites in Ireland. J Aerosol Sci 31:516–517
Kahl JDW, Martinez DA, Kuhns H et al (1997) Air mass trajectories to Summit, Greenland: a 44-year climatology and some episodic events. J Geophys Res Atmos 102:26861–26875. https://doi.org/10.1029/97jc00296
Kane DB, Johnston MV (2000) Size and composition biases on the detection of individual ultrafine particles by aerosol mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 34:4887–4893. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001323y
Karjalainen P, Heikkila J, Ronkko T et al (2010) Effect of exhaust flow conditions and external cooling on the performance of the particle oxidation catalyst (POC). https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-2158
Kathuria V (2002) Vehicular pollution control in Delhi. Transp Res Trans Environ 7:373–387
Kittelson PD (2015) Ultrafine particles metrics and indicators. What are some physical metrics ?
Kittelson DB, Hotel WG, Angeles L (2006) Ultrafine particle formation mechanisms. In: South Coast Air Quality Management District conference on ultrafine particles: the science, technology, and policy issues, p 37
Kittelson D, Graskow B, Wei Q et al (2016), pp 151–159
Knibbs LD, Cole-hunter T, Morawska L (2011) A review of commuter exposure to ultra fine particles and its health effects. Atmos Environ 45:2611–2622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.065
Knudsen KB, Northeved H, Ek PK et al (2013) Differential toxicological response to positively and negatively charged nanoparticles in the rat brain. Nanotoxicology 8:1–33. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2013.829589
Korhonen P, Kulmala M, Laaksonen A et al (1999) Ternary nucleation of H2SO4, NH3, and H2O in the atmosphere. J Geophys Res 104:26349–26353
Kulkarni P, Baron PA, Paul A, Willeke K (2011) Aerosol measurement : principles, techniques, and applications. Wiley, New York
Kulmala M, Petäjä T, Nieminen T et al (2012) Measurement of the nucleation of atmospheric aerosol particles. Nat Protocol 7:1651–1667. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.091
Kumar P (2013) Assessment of particle number concentration in different transportation modes along a route in Delhi. Int J Web Eng 3:1072–1077
Künzli PN (2015) Swiss perspective on particulate matter air quality standards
Lee SC, Chang M (2000) Hong Kong 41:0–4
Lee J, Son J, Cho Y (2007) The adverse effects of fine particle air pollution on respiratory function in the elderly. Sci Total Environ 385:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.005
Liu F, Huang Y, Zhang F et al (2015) Macrophages treated with particulate matter PM2.5 induce selective neurotoxicity through glutaminase-mediated glutamate generation. J Neurochem 134:315–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13135
Lushnikov AA, Zagaynov VA, Lyubovtseva YS (2010) Formation of aerosols in the atmosphere, pp 69–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3212-6
Maruf Hossain AMM, Park S, Kim J-S, Park K (2012) Volatility and mixing states of ultrafine particles from biomass burning. J Hazard Mater 205–206:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2011.12.061
Meng X, Ma Y, Chen R et al (2013) Size-fractionated particle number concentrations and daily mortality in a Chinese City. Environ Health Perspect 121:1174–1178. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206398
Mishra UC, Lalit BY, Varma RK, Sadasivan S (1974) Studies on short lived fallout radioisotopes from Chinese and French nuclear weapon tests since 1964. J. Sci Ind Res 33:216–221
Möller W, Felten K, Sommerer K et al (2008) Deposition, retention, and translocation of ultrafine particles from the central airways and lung periphery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:426–432. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200602-301OC
Moore KF, Ning Z, Ntziachristos L et al (2007) Daily variation in the properties of urban ultrafine aerosol—part I: physical characterization and volatility. Atmos Environ 41:8633–8646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.030
Morawska L, Ristovski Z, Jayaratne ER et al (2008) Ambient nano and ultrafine particles from motor vehicle emissions: characteristics, ambient processing and implications on human exposure. Atmos Environ 42:8113–8138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.050
Nøjgaard JK, Nguyen QT, Glasius M, Sørensen LL (2012) Nucleation and Aitken mode atmospheric particles in relation to O3 and NOX at semirural background in Denmark. Atmos Environ 49:275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.040
Novaes P, Saldiva PH, Matsuda M et al (2010) The effects of chronic exposure to traffic derived air pollution on the ocular surface. Environ Res 110:372–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.03.003
Nussbaumer T, Czasch C, Klippel N et al (2008) Particulate emissions from biomass combustion in IEA countries survey on measurements and emission factors
Obaidullah M, Bram S, Verma VK, De Ruyck J (2012) A review on particle emissions from small scale biomass combustion. Int J Renew. Energy Res 2
Oberdörster G (2001) Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 74:1–8
Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J (2005) Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113:823–839
ocregister.com (2008) Catalytic converter-started fires are common
Olfert JS, Kulkarni P, Wang J (2008) Measuring aerosol size distributions with the fast integrated mobility spectrometer. J Aerosol Sci 39:940–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAEROSCI.2008.06.005
Palmgren F, Wåhlin P, Kildesø J et al (2003) Characterisation of particle emissions from the driving car fleet and the contribution to ambient and indoor particle concentrations. Phys Chem Earth 28:327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00053-6
Pirjola L, Paasonen P, Pfeiffer D et al (2006) Dispersion of particles and trace gases nearby a city highway: mobile laboratory measurements in Finland. Atmos Environ 40:867–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.018
Report NS (2011) Air quality monitoring, emission inventory and source apportionment study for Indian cities
Rissler J, Swietlicki E, Bengtsson A et al (2012) Experimental determination of deposition of diesel exhaust particles in the human respiratory tract. J Aerosol Sci 48:18–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.01.005
Rönkkö T, Virtanen A, Vaaraslahti K, Keskinen J, Pirjola L, and Lappi M (May 2006) Effect of dilution conditions and driving parameters on nucleation mode particles in diesel exhaust: Laboratory and on-road study, Atmos Environ 40(16):2893– 2901
Sacks J (2015) UFP health effects evidence that informed the 2012 PM NAAQS Review
Sarnat JA, Demokritou P, Koutrakis P (2003) Measurement of fine, coarse and ultrafine particles. Ann Ist Super Sanita 39:351–355
Schmid O, Möller W, Semmler-Behnke M et al (2009) Dosimetry and toxicology of inhaled ultrafine particles. Biomarkers 14:67–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547500902965617
Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (1998) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, 2nd edn.
Sem GJ, Whitby KT, Sverdrup GM (1980) design, instrumentation, and operation of a large mobile air pollution laboratory for ACHEX, pp 55–68
Shi JP, Khan AA, Harrison RM (1999a) Measurements of ultrafine particle concentration and size distribution in the urban atmosphere. Sci Total Environ 51–64
Shi JP, Harrison RM, Brear F (1999b) Particle size distribution from a modern heavy duty diesel engine. Sci Total Environ 305–317
Singh S, Nalwa HS (2007) Nanotechnology and health safety—toxicity and risk assessments of nanostructured materials on human health. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 7:3048–3070. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.922
Solomon PA (2012) Ultrafine Particles in ambient air
Stanier CO (2003) Ultrafine particles in the atmosphere : formation, emissions and growth , p 328
Stanier CO, Pandis SN (2004) Insight into secondary organic aerosol partitioning from temperature-ramped chamber experiments. J Aerosol Sci Tech 35
Stanier CO, Khlystov AY, Pandis SN (2004) Nucleation events during the Pittsburgh air quality study: description and relation to key meteorological, gas phase, and aerosol parameters. Aerosol Sci Tech 38:253–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820390229570
Stephens B, Azimi P, El Orch Z, Ramos T (2013) Ultrafine particle emissions from desktop 3D printers. Atmos Environ 79:334–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.050
Terzano C, Di Stefano F, Conti V et al (2010) Air pollution ultrafine particles: toxicity beyond the lung. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 14:809–821
Thompson N, Ntziachristos L, Samaras Z et al (2004) Overview of the European “particulates” project on the characterization of exhaust particulate emissions from road vehicles: results for heavy duty engines. https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1986
Thorley AJ, Ruenraroengsak P, Potter TE, Tetley TD (2014) Critical determinants of uptake and translocation of nanoparticles by the human pulmonary alveolar epithelium. ACS Nano 8:11778–11789. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn505399e
Torricelli AAM, Novaes P, Matsuda M et al (2011) Ocular surface adverse effects of ambient levels of air pollution. Arq Bras Oftalmol 74:377–381
Vattanasit U, Navasumrit P, Khadka MB et al (2013) Oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory responses in cultured human cells and in humans exposed to traffic-related particles. Int J Hyg Environ Health 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.002
Venkataraman C, Rao GUM (2001) Emission factors of carbon monoxide and size-resolved aerosols from biofuel combustion. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001603d
Versura P, Profazio V, Cellini M et al (1999) Eye discomfort and air pollution. Ophthalmologica 213:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1159/000027401
Vicente ED, Alves CA (2018) An overview of particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion. Atmos Res 199:159–185
Viitanen A, Uuksulainen S, Koivisto AJ, et al (2017) Workplace Measurements of Ultrafine Particles—a literature review. Annals Work Expos Health 61:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxx049
Vincent JH (2007) Aerosol sampling : science, standards, instrumentation and applicatns. Wiley, London
Wang LK (2009) Edited by Nazih K. Shammas, Yung-Tse Hung
Wang Y, Allen A, Mark D, Harrison RM (1999) Development of a personal monitoring method for nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide with Sep-Pak C18 cartridge sampling and ion chromatographic determination. J Environ Monit 1:423–426
Wentzel M, Gorzawski H, Naumann K-H et al (2003) Transmission electron microscopical and aerosol dynamical characterization of soot aerosols. J Aerosol Sci 34:1347–1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00360-4
Westerdahl D, Fruin S, Sax T et al (2005) Mobile platform measurements of ultrafine particles and associated pollutant concentrations on freeways and residential streets in Los Angeles. Atmos Environ 39:3597–3610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.034
Williams M (2004) Air pollution and policy—1952—2002. Sci Total Environ 335:15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.026
Workshop UP (2015) Health effects of ambient ultrafine particles—new evidence on short-term exposures health effects of ambient ultrafine particles multicenter time-series studies. Evidence from the Beijing Olympics Health effects of personal exposure. Summary and research
Wu S, Deng F, Liu Y et al (2013) Temperature, traffic-related air pollution, and heart rate variability in a panel of healthy adults. Environ Res 120:82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.008
Yegambaram M, Manivannan B, Beach TG, Halden RU (2015) Role of environmental contaminants in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease: a review. Curr Alzheimer Res 12:116–146
Zhang KM, Wexler AS, Zhu YF, Hinds WC, and Sioutas C (Dec. 2004) Evolution of particle number distribution near roadways. Part II: the ‘Road-to-Ambient’ process, Atmos Environ 38(38):6655–6665
Zhu Y, Hinds WC, Kim S et al (2002) Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic. Atmos Environ 36:4323–4335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00354-0
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our appreciation to Abhishek Rai and Shivang Agarwal from the department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University for sharing their pearl wisdom with us during the course of literature survey and writing of the chapter. We want to extend our thanks to Mr. Veer Kumar, General Manager, Alfa Tech Services for providing insights on measurements of ultrafine particles by use of different instruments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yadav, S.K., Mishra, R.K., Gurjar, B.R. (2019). Ultrafine Particles in Concern of Vehicular Exhaust—An Overview. In: Agarwal, A., Dhar, A., Sharma, N., Shukla, P. (eds) Engine Exhaust Particulates. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3299-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3299-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3298-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3299-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)