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Emerging Role of microRNAs in Cerebral Stroke Pathophysiology

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Advancement in the Pathophysiology of Cerebral Stroke

Abstract

Cerebral stroke is a major cause of death and physical disability throughout the world, yet therapeutic options remain limited. The outcomes of stroke injury are critical, causing an extensive burden to both the individual patient and society. Current interventions for stroke injury have been demonstrated to be inadequate, mostly attributable to a lack of understanding of the cellular and molecular changes that occur following an ischemic cerebral stroke. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, noncoding RNA molecules that have capacity as post-transcriptional negative regulators of a target mRNA by base-pairing with the 3′- untranslated region (3′-UTR). Novel methodologies are being produced to get miRNA-related therapeutics into the brain over an intact BBB, including chemical modification, use of targeting molecules and methods of disrupting the BBB. However, circulating miRNAs are novel, stable, and potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of acute stroke in humans. These miRNA profiles also indicate the severity of stroke results related to age and sex in rodents. In this chapter, we focus on the pathophysiological role of miRNAs as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, in addition to promising therapeutic interventions in cerebral stroke patients.

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Abbreviations

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

COX2:

Cyclooxygenase 2

e-NOS:

Endothelial-NOS

FAP-1:

Fas-associated protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1

FasL:

Fas ligand

FGF2:

Fibroblast growth factor 2

GAX:

Growth arrest-specific homeobox

GLT-1:

Glutamate transporter-1

GluR2:

Glutamate receptor 2

HOXA5:

Homeobox A5

HSPA12B:

Heat shock protein A12B

iASPP:

Inhibitory member of the apoptosis-stimulating proteins of p53 family

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor 1

IL:

Interleukin

KIT:

Kit ligand

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MMP-9:

Metalloproteinases 9

MnSOD:

Manganese SOD

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88

NCX1:

Sodium–calcium exchanger-1

NMDA:

N-Methyl-D-aspartate

NPC:

Neuronal progenitor cell

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2

PUMA:

p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOCS1:

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

Sox9:

Sry-box 9

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-β

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgement

AKT gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the Department of Science and Technology-Science Engineering Research Board (DST-SERB) (PDF/2016/002996/LS), New Delhi, India, and the Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, for providing facilities and support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Amit Kumar Tripathi

  2. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Shashi Kant Tiwari

  3. Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Priyanka Mishra

  4. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Manish Jain

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  1. Amit Kumar Tripathi
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  2. Shashi Kant Tiwari
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ranjana Patnaik

  2. School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Amit Kumar Tripathi

  3. Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ashish Dwivedi

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Tripathi, A.K., Tiwari, S.K., Mishra, P., Jain, M. (2019). Emerging Role of microRNAs in Cerebral Stroke Pathophysiology. In: Patnaik, R., Tripathi, A., Dwivedi, A. (eds) Advancement in the Pathophysiology of Cerebral Stroke. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1453-7_10

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