Abstract
By 2030 India’s urban population is projected to almost double, adding another 200 million people to its towns and cities. In the context of a changing climate, this growing urbanization poses a cause for concern for the country’s carbon footprint. Cities, in their consumption of energy as electricity or fuel in transportation, are a significant source of carbon emissions, responsible for up to 75% of global carbon emissions. With India’s urbanization still at a nascent stage, there is a real opportunity to steer the projected growth away from high-carbon lock-ins and towards a low-carbon pathway. This paper examines opportunities for low-carbon growth in the context of urban development and urban mobility in the country and also illustrates the larger framework within which the aspect of urban mobility is embedded and the multiple pathways available for attaining low-carbon goals in the sector.
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Notes
- 1.
McKinsey Global Institute (2010). India’s urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth.
- 2.
UNEP, Cities and Climate Change, retrieved from—http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Policy/ResourceEfficientCities/FocusAreas/CitiesandClimateChange/tabid/101665/Default.aspx.
- 3.
Planning Commission, Government of India (2011).
- 4.
Census Bureau, NCAER data, 2006.
- 5.
Shrivastava et al. (2013).
- 6.
Parikh et al. (2009).
- 7.
Shrivastava (see footnote 5)—vehicles contribute close to 60% to air pollution in most large Indian cities.
- 8.
Cameron et al. (2004).
- 9.
Glaeser et al. (2010).
- 10.
Reddy et al. (2012).
- 11.
Planning Commission, Government of India (2011).
- 12.
Sundar and Ghate (2011).
- 13.
NMT—Nonmotorized modes of transportation.
- 14.
Bento et al. (2005).
- 15.
Litman and Fitzroy (2000).
- 16.
Business Standard. 14th July 2015. Urban development ministry enhances floor area ratio in Delhi by 60%. Retrieved from http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/urban-development-ministry-enhances-floor-area-ratio-in-delhi-by-60-115071401088_1.html.
- 17.
Urban Mobility India, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Transit Oriented Development (TOD)- Study for Existing Metro Corridor Between Chattarpur and Arjangarh of Delhi Metro Project of Phase II. Retrieved from http://urbanmobilityindia.in/Upload/Conference/434442dc-9fb7-4722-bd4d-30ead6203541.pdf.
- 18.
Planning Commission, Government of India (2011).
- 19.
McKinsey and Company (2009).
- 20.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.
- 21.
Bus Rapid Transit System.
- 22.
Prabhu and Pai (2012).
- 23.
The New Indian Express. 17th January 2014. BEE Forms New Fuel Efficiency Standards. Retrieved from—http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/BEE-Forms-New-Fuel-Efficiency-Standards/2014/01/17/article2003990.ece.
- 24.
Lakshmi et al. (2014).
- 25.
Fok et al. (2013).
- 26.
Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.
- 27.
Smart Cities Mission, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Smart City Features. Retrieved from http://smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/Smart%20City%20Features.pdf.
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Aziz, Z. (2018). Low-Carbon Pathways for Urban Development and Mobility in India. In: Kathuria, R., Ray, S., Bandyopadhyay, K. (eds) Low Carbon Pathways for Growth in India. India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0905-2_6
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